Class 9th
CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER - 01
MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS
“Anything that occupies space, has mass and offer resistance is called matter.”
Physical Nature of Matter
• Matter is made up of particles. All matter constitute of very small particles. These small particles are called
atoms.
• These particles of matter are too small so they cannot be seen by naked eyes or simple microscope.
Characteristics of the matter:
1. Particles of matter have spaces between them
• This characteristic is one of the concepts behind the solubility of a substance in other substances. For
example, on dissolving sugar in water, there is no rise in the water level because the particles of sugar
get into the interparticle spaces between the water particles.
2. The particles are continuously moving.
• Particles of matter show continuous random movements due to the kinetic energy they possess.
• A rise in temperature increases the kinetic energy of the particles, making them move more
vigorously.
3. Particles of matter attract each other
In every substance, there is an interparticle force of attraction acting between the particles. To break a
substance, we need to overcome this force. The strength of the force differs from one substance to another.
DIFFUSION
When the particles of matter intermix on their own with each other, the phenomenon is called diffusion. For
example, spreading of ink in water.
• During diffusion, the particles occupy the interparticle spaces.
• The rate of diffusion increases with an increase in temperature due to increase in the kinetic energy of the
particles.
The matter is categorized into three categories: Solid, Liquid, and Gas.
PHYSICAL STATES OF MATTER
There are also two physical state of matter plasma and Bose-Einstein. The main difference between plasma and
Bose-Einstein condensate is that the plasma state contains a gas of ions and free electrons, whereas Bose-Einstein
condensate contains a gas of bosons at low densities, which is cooled to a low temperature close to absolute zero.
SOLIDS LIQUIDS GASES
Fixed Shape No Fixed Shape No Fixed Shape
Fixed Volume Fixed Volume No Fixed Volume
High density Moderate Density Low Density
[1]
CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER - 01
MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS
“Anything that occupies space, has mass and offer resistance is called matter.”
Physical Nature of Matter
• Matter is made up of particles. All matter constitute of very small particles. These small particles are called
atoms.
• These particles of matter are too small so they cannot be seen by naked eyes or simple microscope.
Characteristics of the matter:
1. Particles of matter have spaces between them
• This characteristic is one of the concepts behind the solubility of a substance in other substances. For
example, on dissolving sugar in water, there is no rise in the water level because the particles of sugar
get into the interparticle spaces between the water particles.
2. The particles are continuously moving.
• Particles of matter show continuous random movements due to the kinetic energy they possess.
• A rise in temperature increases the kinetic energy of the particles, making them move more
vigorously.
3. Particles of matter attract each other
In every substance, there is an interparticle force of attraction acting between the particles. To break a
substance, we need to overcome this force. The strength of the force differs from one substance to another.
DIFFUSION
When the particles of matter intermix on their own with each other, the phenomenon is called diffusion. For
example, spreading of ink in water.
• During diffusion, the particles occupy the interparticle spaces.
• The rate of diffusion increases with an increase in temperature due to increase in the kinetic energy of the
particles.
The matter is categorized into three categories: Solid, Liquid, and Gas.
PHYSICAL STATES OF MATTER
There are also two physical state of matter plasma and Bose-Einstein. The main difference between plasma and
Bose-Einstein condensate is that the plasma state contains a gas of ions and free electrons, whereas Bose-Einstein
condensate contains a gas of bosons at low densities, which is cooled to a low temperature close to absolute zero.
SOLIDS LIQUIDS GASES
Fixed Shape No Fixed Shape No Fixed Shape
Fixed Volume Fixed Volume No Fixed Volume
High density Moderate Density Low Density
[1]
