BSC 2085 Exam #2 Yung Su FSU
Yellow Bone Marrow - ✔️✔️found in medullary cavity and in spongy bone of some
bones; is yellow because it (adipose tissue) stores fat
Osteocytes - ✔️✔️•mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix
•live in lacunae between layers (lamellae) of matrix
•connect by cytoplasmic extensions through canaliculi in lamellae
•Do not divide
•Two major functions:
1. To maintain protein and mineral content of matrix
2. To help repair damaged bone
Sesamoid Bones - ✔️✔️bones that are usually small, round, and flat. They are found
near joints of the knees, hands, and feet. Few people have these at every possible
location, but everyone has patellae (a small shallow dish) or kneecaps.
Sutural Bones - ✔️✔️small, flat, oddly shaped bones found between the flat bones of
the skull. They range in size from a grain of sand to a quarter. Their borders are like
pieces of a jigsaw puzzle.
The Skeletal System - ✔️✔️bones of the skeleton, cartilages, ligaments, and
connective tissues
Support - ✔️✔️structural support for the whole body, attachment for soft tissues/organs
Storage of Minerals - ✔️✔️calcium (most abundant mineral in body) and lipids (yellow
bone marrow - energy reserves)
Circumferential Lamellae - ✔️✔️lamellae wrapped around the long bone, encircling
multiple osteons and binds osteons together
Blood Cell Production - ✔️✔️occurs in red bone marrow
Protection - ✔️✔️skull protects brain, ribs protect heart/lungs, vertebrae protects spinal
cord
Leverage - ✔️✔️(force of movement) allows body movement when skeletal muscles
contract
,5 Primary Functions of the Skeletal System - ✔️✔️1. support
2. storage of minerals and lipids
3. blood cell production
4. protection
5. leverage
Irregular Bones - ✔️✔️complex shaped bones with short, flat, notched, or ridged
surfaces. The vertebrae that form the spinal column, the bones of the pelvis, and
several bones in the skull are this type of bone.
Short Bones - ✔️✔️bones that are ox like in appearance. Examples include the carpal
bones (wrists) and tarsal bones (ankles).
Flat Bones - ✔️✔️bones that have thin, parallel surfaces. They form the roof of the
skull, the sternum (breastbone), the ribs, and the scapulae (shoulder blades). They
provide protection for underlying soft tissues and offer an extensive surface area for the
attachment of skeletal muscles.
Bone Markings - ✔️✔️surface features of bones such as depressions, grooves, or
tunnels along bone surface
Diaphysis - ✔️✔️the tubular shaft of a long bone (compact bone)
Epiphysis - ✔️✔️wide part of a long bone (distal/proximal) (spongy bone)
Metaphysis - ✔️✔️where the diaphysis and epiphysis meet
Bone (Osseous) Tissue - ✔️✔️•Dense, supportive connective tissue
•Contains specialized cells
•Produces solid matrix of calcium salt deposits around collagen fibers
Osteocytes - ✔️✔️bone cells
Lacunae - ✔️✔️chambers surrounded by the bone matrix
Canaliculi - ✔️✔️small channels that connects lacunae to each other and to blood
vessels of the central canal (form pathways for blood vessels for exchange of nutrients
and wastes)
Periosteum - ✔️✔️-covers outer surfaces of bones
-consists of outer fibrous and inner cellular layers
, Bone Matrix - ✔️✔️composed of minerals (2/3's calcium) and matrix proteins (1/3
protein fibers 'collagen')
Bone Cells - ✔️✔️1. osteoprogenitor cells
2. osteoblasts
3. osteocytes
4. osteoclasts
Osteoprogenitor (Osteogenic) Cells - ✔️✔️-mesenchymal stem cells that divide to
produce osteoblasts
-located in the endosteum (lines the medullary cavity and passageway for blood vessels
found in the matrix of compact bone) and the inner cellular layer of periosteum
-important in fracture repair
Osteoblasts - ✔️✔️•immature bone cells that secrete matrix compounds
(osteogenesis)
•When these cells become surrounded by bone, they become osteocytes
Osteoid - ✔️✔️matrix produced by osteoblasts, but not yet calcified by calcium salts to
form bone
Osteoclasts - ✔️✔️•Giant, multinucleate (50 or more nuclei) cells
•Derived from stem cells that produce macrophages
•Do not develop from osteoprogenitor cells
•Secrete acids and protein-digesting enzymes
•Dissolve bone matrix and release stored minerals (osteolysis/resorption)
•Important in regulating calcium and phosphate concentrations in body fluids
Osteon - ✔️✔️the basic unit of mature compact bone
Perforating Canals - ✔️✔️perpendicular to the central canal and carry blood vessels
into bone and marrow
Trabeculae - ✔️✔️bone fiber bundles
Red Bone Marrow - ✔️✔️fills the space between trabeculae, has blood vessels,
supplies nutrients to osteocytes, and forms red blood cells
Periosteum - ✔️✔️covers all bones except parts enclosed in joint capsules, made up of
an outer, fibrous layer and an inner, cellular layer
Perforating (Sharpey's) Fibers - ✔️✔️collagen fibers of the periosteum
Yellow Bone Marrow - ✔️✔️found in medullary cavity and in spongy bone of some
bones; is yellow because it (adipose tissue) stores fat
Osteocytes - ✔️✔️•mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix
•live in lacunae between layers (lamellae) of matrix
•connect by cytoplasmic extensions through canaliculi in lamellae
•Do not divide
•Two major functions:
1. To maintain protein and mineral content of matrix
2. To help repair damaged bone
Sesamoid Bones - ✔️✔️bones that are usually small, round, and flat. They are found
near joints of the knees, hands, and feet. Few people have these at every possible
location, but everyone has patellae (a small shallow dish) or kneecaps.
Sutural Bones - ✔️✔️small, flat, oddly shaped bones found between the flat bones of
the skull. They range in size from a grain of sand to a quarter. Their borders are like
pieces of a jigsaw puzzle.
The Skeletal System - ✔️✔️bones of the skeleton, cartilages, ligaments, and
connective tissues
Support - ✔️✔️structural support for the whole body, attachment for soft tissues/organs
Storage of Minerals - ✔️✔️calcium (most abundant mineral in body) and lipids (yellow
bone marrow - energy reserves)
Circumferential Lamellae - ✔️✔️lamellae wrapped around the long bone, encircling
multiple osteons and binds osteons together
Blood Cell Production - ✔️✔️occurs in red bone marrow
Protection - ✔️✔️skull protects brain, ribs protect heart/lungs, vertebrae protects spinal
cord
Leverage - ✔️✔️(force of movement) allows body movement when skeletal muscles
contract
,5 Primary Functions of the Skeletal System - ✔️✔️1. support
2. storage of minerals and lipids
3. blood cell production
4. protection
5. leverage
Irregular Bones - ✔️✔️complex shaped bones with short, flat, notched, or ridged
surfaces. The vertebrae that form the spinal column, the bones of the pelvis, and
several bones in the skull are this type of bone.
Short Bones - ✔️✔️bones that are ox like in appearance. Examples include the carpal
bones (wrists) and tarsal bones (ankles).
Flat Bones - ✔️✔️bones that have thin, parallel surfaces. They form the roof of the
skull, the sternum (breastbone), the ribs, and the scapulae (shoulder blades). They
provide protection for underlying soft tissues and offer an extensive surface area for the
attachment of skeletal muscles.
Bone Markings - ✔️✔️surface features of bones such as depressions, grooves, or
tunnels along bone surface
Diaphysis - ✔️✔️the tubular shaft of a long bone (compact bone)
Epiphysis - ✔️✔️wide part of a long bone (distal/proximal) (spongy bone)
Metaphysis - ✔️✔️where the diaphysis and epiphysis meet
Bone (Osseous) Tissue - ✔️✔️•Dense, supportive connective tissue
•Contains specialized cells
•Produces solid matrix of calcium salt deposits around collagen fibers
Osteocytes - ✔️✔️bone cells
Lacunae - ✔️✔️chambers surrounded by the bone matrix
Canaliculi - ✔️✔️small channels that connects lacunae to each other and to blood
vessels of the central canal (form pathways for blood vessels for exchange of nutrients
and wastes)
Periosteum - ✔️✔️-covers outer surfaces of bones
-consists of outer fibrous and inner cellular layers
, Bone Matrix - ✔️✔️composed of minerals (2/3's calcium) and matrix proteins (1/3
protein fibers 'collagen')
Bone Cells - ✔️✔️1. osteoprogenitor cells
2. osteoblasts
3. osteocytes
4. osteoclasts
Osteoprogenitor (Osteogenic) Cells - ✔️✔️-mesenchymal stem cells that divide to
produce osteoblasts
-located in the endosteum (lines the medullary cavity and passageway for blood vessels
found in the matrix of compact bone) and the inner cellular layer of periosteum
-important in fracture repair
Osteoblasts - ✔️✔️•immature bone cells that secrete matrix compounds
(osteogenesis)
•When these cells become surrounded by bone, they become osteocytes
Osteoid - ✔️✔️matrix produced by osteoblasts, but not yet calcified by calcium salts to
form bone
Osteoclasts - ✔️✔️•Giant, multinucleate (50 or more nuclei) cells
•Derived from stem cells that produce macrophages
•Do not develop from osteoprogenitor cells
•Secrete acids and protein-digesting enzymes
•Dissolve bone matrix and release stored minerals (osteolysis/resorption)
•Important in regulating calcium and phosphate concentrations in body fluids
Osteon - ✔️✔️the basic unit of mature compact bone
Perforating Canals - ✔️✔️perpendicular to the central canal and carry blood vessels
into bone and marrow
Trabeculae - ✔️✔️bone fiber bundles
Red Bone Marrow - ✔️✔️fills the space between trabeculae, has blood vessels,
supplies nutrients to osteocytes, and forms red blood cells
Periosteum - ✔️✔️covers all bones except parts enclosed in joint capsules, made up of
an outer, fibrous layer and an inner, cellular layer
Perforating (Sharpey's) Fibers - ✔️✔️collagen fibers of the periosteum
