AQA A - LEVEL BIOLOGY PAPER 3 Unit 8

AQA A - LEVEL BIOLOGY PAPER 3 Unit 8


Exonz-zCORRECTzANSWER-azcodingzsectionzofzthezgenezthatzcodeszforzanzaminozacidzsequence



Intronz-zCORRECTzANSWER-aznon-codingzsectionzofzthezgene



Framezshiftz-zCORRECTzANSWER-whenzadditionzorzdeletionzshiftszthezgeneticzcodezeitherzleftzorzright



Additionzmutationz-zCORRECTzANSWER-thezadditionzofzazbaseztozthezbasezsequence



Deletionzmutationz-zCORRECTzANSWER-thezremovalzofzazbasezfromzthezbasezsequence



Substitutionzmutationz-zCORRECTzANSWER-thezsubstitutionzofzazbasezinzthezbasezsequence



Inversionzmutationz-zCORRECTzANSWER-
azsectionzofzDNAzbaseszarezseparatedzfromzthezDNAzsequencezandzre-
joinzatzthezsamezpositionzbutzinverse



Duplicationzmutationz-zCORRECTzANSWER-
Onezorzmorezbaseszarezduplicatedzinzthezbasezsequence,zleadingztozframezshift



Translocationzmutationz-zCORRECTzANSWER-
azgroupzofzbaseszfromzonezchromosomezbecomeszinsertedzintozanotherzchromosomezleadingztozabnorma
lzphenotypes



Tumourz-zCORRECTzANSWER-azmasszofzabnormalzcells



Cancerz-zCORRECTzANSWER-azgroupzofzdiseaseszcausedzbyzdamageztozthezgeneszthatzcontrolzcellzgrowth



Acquiredzmutationsz-zCORRECTzANSWER-mutationszthatzoccurzafterzfertilisation

, Tumour-suppressorzgenesz-zCORRECTzANSWER-
geneszthatzmaintainznormalzcellzdivisionzandzpreventzthezformationzbyzslowingzcellzdivisionzandzcausingzm
utatedzcellsztozcommitzapoptosis



Proto-oncogenesz-zCORRECTzANSWER-normalzgeneszthatzcontrolzcellzgrowthzbyzstimulatingzcellzdivision



Benignztumourz-zCORRECTzANSWER-aznon-
cancerousztumourzcoveredzinzfibrousztissuezwhichzstopszthezcellszinvadingzotherztissues



Malignantztumourz-zCORRECTzANSWER-
azcancerousztumourzthatzspreadszaroundzthezbodyzthroughzthezbloodstreamzandzlymphaticzsystem



Methylationz-zCORRECTzANSWER-additionzofzazmethylzgroup



Hypermethylationzofztumourzsuppressorzgenesz-zCORRECTzANSWER-
geneszareznotztranscribedzandzsozthezproteinszthatzslowzcellzdivisionzareznotzsynthesisedzandzsozcellszdivid
ezuncontrollablyzbyzmitosis



Hypomethylationzofzproto-oncogenesz-zCORRECTzANSWER-causeszproto-
oncogenesztozactzaszoncogeneszwhichzincreaseszthezsynthesiszofzproteinszthatzstimulatezcellzdivision



Totipotentzstemzcellsz-zCORRECTzANSWER-
canzdivideztozproducezanyztypezofzbodyzcellzinzembryoszandzzygotes



Pluripotentzstemzcellsz-zCORRECTzANSWER-
canzdifferentiatezintozalmostzanyztypezofzbodyzcellzandziszoftenzusedzinztheztreatmentzofzdisorders



Multipotentzstemzcellsz-zCORRECTzANSWER-canzdifferentiatezintozazfewzclosely-
relatedztypeszofzcellszandziszfoundzinzadults



Unipotentzstemzcellsz-zCORRECTzANSWER-
canzonlyzdifferentiatezintozazsingleztypezofzcellzderivedzfromzmultipotentzstemzcells