Histones are _________ Charged and are rich in _________
Amino Acids - ANSWER-- Positively
- *Lysine* and *Arginine* "*LA*"
DNA Methylation occurs on which Nucleotides? - ANSWER-
*Cytosine* and *Adenine*
Cytosine is _________ and turned to Uracil - ANSWER-
*Deaminated*
*Cytosine → Uracil*
Add ________ to Uracil to form _________ - ANSWER-Methyl
Group
Thymine
*Uracil → Thymine*
Purine Synthesis requires - ANSWER-GAG
,- Glycine
- *Aspartate*
- Glutamine
Pyrimidine Synthesis Requires - ANSWER-- *Aspartate*
- Carbamoyl Phosphate
- Leflunomide Function?
- Used to Treat? - ANSWER-- Inhibits *Dihydroorotate
Dehydrogenase*
Treat:
- *Rheumatoid Arthritis*
Methotrexate (MTX),
Trimethoprim (TMP),
Pyrimethamine
Function? - ANSWER-- Inhibit *Dihydrofolate Reductase*
- *↓DTMP*
- 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) Function? - ANSWER-Inhibits
*Thymidylate Synthase*
- Forms 5F-dUMP
- Inhibits Thymidylate Synthase
- *↓DTMP*
Why do you prescribe *Folate* (*Leucovorin*) with both 5-FU
and MTX/TMP? - ANSWER-- Folate *Increases the Potency* of
5-FU
- *Reduces the Side Effects* of MTX/TMP
- 6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP) Function?
- Used to Treat? - ANSWER-- Inhibit *De Novo Purine Synthesis*
,- Along with it's Prodrug: *Azathioprine*
Treat:
- *Rheumatoid Arthritis*
- *Leukemias*
- *Inflammatory Bowel Diseases*
6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP) is inhibited by? - ANSWER-*XO
(Xanthine Oxidase)*
Mycophenolate, Ribavirin Function? - ANSWER-- Inhibits
*Inosine Monophosphate Dehydrogenase*
Mycophenolate Used to Treat? - ANSWER-Organ Transplant to
*Prevent Rejection*
- Ribavirin Used to Treat? - ANSWER-- *Influenza*
- *Hepatitis C*
- Hydroxyurea Function? - ANSWER-- Inhibits *Ribonucleotide
Reductase*
- Inhibits DNA Synthesis
Hydroxyurea is used to treat? - ANSWER-- *Sickle Cell Anemia*
- Patients with SCA have a mutation in *Adult Hemoglobin*,
causing Sickling
- Hydroxyurea inreases the production of *Fetal Hemoglobin*,
reducing Sickling
Xanthine Oxidase is inhibited by? - ANSWER-Allopurinol
Febuxostat
Allopurinol/Febuxostat are used to treat? - ANSWER-Lesch-
Nyhan Syndrome
, Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome mode of transmission? - ANSWER-X-
Linked Recessive
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
- Defect:
- Results:
- Symptoms: - ANSWER-Defect:
- *HGPRT*
Results in:
- *Excess Uric Acid* Production
- Compensated *Excess De Novo Purine Synthesis*
Symptoms:
- *H*: Hyperuricemia
- *G*: Gout
- *P*: Pissed Off/Aggressive/Self Mutilation
- *R*: Retardation (Mental)
- *T*: DysTonia
What's a classic finding of Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome Deficiency
seen in diapers? - ANSWER-- *Yellow-Orange Granules*
- Represent *Uric Acid Crystals*
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome Deficiency leads to what specific blood
smear? - ANSWER-- Lack of HGPRT causes inactivation of the
purine salvage pathway, which prevents Guanine and
Hypoxanthine from being recycled to GMP and IMP.
- Since Guanine and Hypoxanthine are lost as uric acid, the *De
Novo 'Purine' Synthesis Pathway must Compensate*
- Thus, it utilizes *Folate & Vitamin B12*
Amino Acids - ANSWER-- Positively
- *Lysine* and *Arginine* "*LA*"
DNA Methylation occurs on which Nucleotides? - ANSWER-
*Cytosine* and *Adenine*
Cytosine is _________ and turned to Uracil - ANSWER-
*Deaminated*
*Cytosine → Uracil*
Add ________ to Uracil to form _________ - ANSWER-Methyl
Group
Thymine
*Uracil → Thymine*
Purine Synthesis requires - ANSWER-GAG
,- Glycine
- *Aspartate*
- Glutamine
Pyrimidine Synthesis Requires - ANSWER-- *Aspartate*
- Carbamoyl Phosphate
- Leflunomide Function?
- Used to Treat? - ANSWER-- Inhibits *Dihydroorotate
Dehydrogenase*
Treat:
- *Rheumatoid Arthritis*
Methotrexate (MTX),
Trimethoprim (TMP),
Pyrimethamine
Function? - ANSWER-- Inhibit *Dihydrofolate Reductase*
- *↓DTMP*
- 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) Function? - ANSWER-Inhibits
*Thymidylate Synthase*
- Forms 5F-dUMP
- Inhibits Thymidylate Synthase
- *↓DTMP*
Why do you prescribe *Folate* (*Leucovorin*) with both 5-FU
and MTX/TMP? - ANSWER-- Folate *Increases the Potency* of
5-FU
- *Reduces the Side Effects* of MTX/TMP
- 6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP) Function?
- Used to Treat? - ANSWER-- Inhibit *De Novo Purine Synthesis*
,- Along with it's Prodrug: *Azathioprine*
Treat:
- *Rheumatoid Arthritis*
- *Leukemias*
- *Inflammatory Bowel Diseases*
6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP) is inhibited by? - ANSWER-*XO
(Xanthine Oxidase)*
Mycophenolate, Ribavirin Function? - ANSWER-- Inhibits
*Inosine Monophosphate Dehydrogenase*
Mycophenolate Used to Treat? - ANSWER-Organ Transplant to
*Prevent Rejection*
- Ribavirin Used to Treat? - ANSWER-- *Influenza*
- *Hepatitis C*
- Hydroxyurea Function? - ANSWER-- Inhibits *Ribonucleotide
Reductase*
- Inhibits DNA Synthesis
Hydroxyurea is used to treat? - ANSWER-- *Sickle Cell Anemia*
- Patients with SCA have a mutation in *Adult Hemoglobin*,
causing Sickling
- Hydroxyurea inreases the production of *Fetal Hemoglobin*,
reducing Sickling
Xanthine Oxidase is inhibited by? - ANSWER-Allopurinol
Febuxostat
Allopurinol/Febuxostat are used to treat? - ANSWER-Lesch-
Nyhan Syndrome
, Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome mode of transmission? - ANSWER-X-
Linked Recessive
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
- Defect:
- Results:
- Symptoms: - ANSWER-Defect:
- *HGPRT*
Results in:
- *Excess Uric Acid* Production
- Compensated *Excess De Novo Purine Synthesis*
Symptoms:
- *H*: Hyperuricemia
- *G*: Gout
- *P*: Pissed Off/Aggressive/Self Mutilation
- *R*: Retardation (Mental)
- *T*: DysTonia
What's a classic finding of Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome Deficiency
seen in diapers? - ANSWER-- *Yellow-Orange Granules*
- Represent *Uric Acid Crystals*
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome Deficiency leads to what specific blood
smear? - ANSWER-- Lack of HGPRT causes inactivation of the
purine salvage pathway, which prevents Guanine and
Hypoxanthine from being recycled to GMP and IMP.
- Since Guanine and Hypoxanthine are lost as uric acid, the *De
Novo 'Purine' Synthesis Pathway must Compensate*
- Thus, it utilizes *Folate & Vitamin B12*
