Patho PA course quizzes -answered 2024
A 12-year-old African American patient presents with unilateral eye swelling and lower
lip swelling. The patient's
parent reports that the swelling is spontaneous and resolves over several days. The
patient does not have
complaints of fever, hives, or vomiting. Serum lab results show hyperactivation of three
plasma protein systems. The
APRN suspects hereditary angioedema.
What is the cause of the genetic defect suspected in this situation?
Plasminogen
Hageman factor
Bradykinin
C1 esterase inhibitor - ANSWER-C1 esterase inhibitor
A 29-year-old female patient presents with concerns about fertility. The patient states
she has had amenorrhea
every other month and weight gain, and her labs show decreased FSH, decreased
estrogen, and altered TSH.
Which female reproductive disorders should be considered for this patient?
Premature ovarian failure and ovarian dysfunction
Hyperprolactinemia and uterine dysfunction
Hyperprolactinemia and PCOS ovarian tumor
Gonadal dysgenesis and adrenal tumor - ANSWER-Hyperprolactinemia and PCOS
ovarian tumor
A 30-day-old infant presents to the emergency room with decreased oral intake,
decreased urine output, and a fever
of 101.8. The infant is admitted for further evaluation with a workup to include a blood
culture, a urine culture, a
spinal tap, and a chest X-ray.
Which issue of innate immunity, as it relates to neonates, is of concern?
High levels of mannose-binding lectin
Relative deficiency of factor B
Excess collectin and collectin-like protein
Dysfunctional chemotactic factor response - ANSWER-Relative deficiency of factor B
A 34-year-old patient is diagnosed with primary hypertension, and an advanced practice
registered nurse (APRN) is
reviewing the causes of the problem with the patient.
What is a cause of this diagnosis?
Genetics
Renal disease
Oral contraceptives
Obstructive sleep apnea - ANSWER-Genetics
,A 36-year-old patient is being seen by an advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) in
a primary care clinic for the
first time. The patient reports feeling depressed due to a major life change. Additional
symptoms include weight
gain, sedentary activity, and insomnia. The APRN plans on providing the patient with
several exercises to reduce the
physiological effect of stress.
Why is the APRN concerned about relieving this emotional response?
It increases protein synthesis.
It increases smooth muscle contraction.
It decreases glucose uptake. - ANSWER-It decreases glucose uptake.
A 45-year-old male patient with altered testosterone levels needs treatment. An
advanced practice registered nurse
(APRN) is aware that three factors affect hormone target cell responses when
determining a treatment approach.
Which factor should be considered by the APRN?
Limited concentration of organs
Change of target cell sensitivity
Affinity of receptor for the hormones
Limited number of target cell receptors - ANSWER-Affinity of receptor for the hormones
A 56-year-old patient presents to an emergency department with acute chest pain on
the day after the funeral of a
spouse. Diagnostic results reveal ST elevation and elevated troponins.
What is the probable diagnosis of these symptoms?
Unstable angina
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
Ventricular aneurysm
Pulmonary hypertension - ANSWER-Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
A child presents to a clinic with a fever, conjunctivitis, and a strawberry tongue. An
advanced practice registered
nurse (APRN) assesses the patient, and stage IV Kawasaki disease is suspected.
What is the pathological mechanism of this disorder?
Constriction of the ductal tissue
Obstruction of left ventricular outflow tract
Obstruction of blood flow to the vessels and aorta
Intimal thickening and stenosis of coronary arteries - ANSWER-Intimal thickening and
stenosis of coronary arteries
A child presents to a clinic with a white pupillary reflex noted in the right eye. The child
is constantly crying and
rubbing her eyes. An advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) performs a complete
ophthalmologic examination
,and orders several diagnostic tests. Based on the findings, a diagnosis of
retinoblastoma is confirmed.
What is the pathological mechanism of this disorder?
Autosomal dominant linked to genes results in mutations on chromosome 21
Deficiency of hexosaminidase causes accumulation enzymes that damage the brain
Mutations of a gene on chromosome 13q14 lead to neoplastic proliferation of cells
Invasion of astrocytomas of the brain structure destroys normal defenses - ANSWER-
Mutations of a gene on chromosome 13q14 lead to neoplastic proliferation of cells
A female patient has been diagnosed with an uncomplicated urinary tract infection
(UTI).
Which self-care measure that is specific to this type of infection should the
healthcareprovider teach the patient?
A. Drink at least eight glasses of water a day
B. Rest as much as possible in the few days after the start of the infection
C. Wipe from front to back after using the bathroom
D. Take medication if you have a fever - ANSWER-C. Wipe from front to back after
using the bathroom
Wiping front to back helps prevent the spread of e. coli into theurinary meatus. E. coli is
normally colonized in the bowel and is the mostcommon pathogen in UTIs.
A female patient presents with abnormal hair growth on the face and body and reports
that the hair on her head is
receding. An advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) determines that the patient
has hirsutism.
Which other diagnosis associated with this condition should be considered by the
APRN?
Polycystic ovarian syndrome
Telangiectasias
Keratoacanthoma
Actinic keratosis - ANSWER-Polycystic ovarian syndrome
A five-year-old child presents to a clinic with right inner thigh and groin pain that radiates
to the knee. The parents
report to an advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) that activity aggravates the
pain, but rest relieves it. The
APRN notes the child's Trendelenburg gait. Radiographic examination confirms a
diagnosis of Legg-Calvé-Perthes
disease (LCPD).
What is the pathologic cause of this disorder?
Recurrent interruption of the blood supply to the femoral head
Separation of the patella's anterior extension of the tibial epiphysis
Failure of ossification of the cell rows in the growth plate
Insufficient blood supply to the distal patellar pole - ANSWER-Recurrent interruption of
the blood supply to the femoral head
, A healthcare professional is assessing a patient who could have either pyelonephritis
orcystitis.
Which differentiating sign would assist the professional in making this diagnosis?
A. Increased glomerular filtration rate
B. Spasmodic pain that radiates to the groin
C. Urinalysis confirmation of white blood cell casts
D. Difficulty starting the stream of urine - ANSWER-C. Urinalysis confirmation of white
blood cell casts
When the kidney is inflamed, it causes damage that results in theproduction of white
blood cell (WBC) casts.
A healthcare professional is conducting community education on vaccinations.
Which statement about vaccines should the professional include in the presentation?
A. Most viral vaccines are made by using dead organisms.
A. Most bacterial vaccines contain attenuated organisms.
C. Vaccines require booster injections to maintain life-long protection.
D. Vaccines provide effective protection against most infections. - ANSWER-C.
Vaccines require booster injections to maintain life-long protection.
Most vaccines require a booster to increase immunity. The initial effects of a vaccine
may diminish over time, and boosters improve protection against disease.
A male infant has been diagnosed with intussusception, and the student asks
thehealthcare professional to explain the condition.
Which explanation by the professional is most accurate?
A. Fibrosis increases the resistance to blood flow within the portal system.
B. The colon stays in the upper-right quadrant instead of moving to its normallocation.
C. One part of the intestine telescopes into another section of the intestine.
D. Poor colonic motility is due to a problem in the parasympathetic nervoussystem. -
ANSWER-C. One part of the intestine telescopes into another section of the intestine.
An intussusception is where one part of the intestine telescopes intoanother section of
the intestine. Intussusception's cause is typically idiopathicbut can be linked to some
viruses that cause swelling in the intestines and isoften seen in the fall and winter.
Intussusception most commonly affects malechildren from 3-36 months of age.
A newborn child has a solitary purplish lesion on the head that looks like a spongy
mass.
Which diagnosis is supported by this type of lesion?
A. Cavernous hemangioma
B. Port-wine stain
C. Salmon patch
D. Strawberry hemangioma - ANSWER-A. Cavernous hemangioma
A 12-year-old African American patient presents with unilateral eye swelling and lower
lip swelling. The patient's
parent reports that the swelling is spontaneous and resolves over several days. The
patient does not have
complaints of fever, hives, or vomiting. Serum lab results show hyperactivation of three
plasma protein systems. The
APRN suspects hereditary angioedema.
What is the cause of the genetic defect suspected in this situation?
Plasminogen
Hageman factor
Bradykinin
C1 esterase inhibitor - ANSWER-C1 esterase inhibitor
A 29-year-old female patient presents with concerns about fertility. The patient states
she has had amenorrhea
every other month and weight gain, and her labs show decreased FSH, decreased
estrogen, and altered TSH.
Which female reproductive disorders should be considered for this patient?
Premature ovarian failure and ovarian dysfunction
Hyperprolactinemia and uterine dysfunction
Hyperprolactinemia and PCOS ovarian tumor
Gonadal dysgenesis and adrenal tumor - ANSWER-Hyperprolactinemia and PCOS
ovarian tumor
A 30-day-old infant presents to the emergency room with decreased oral intake,
decreased urine output, and a fever
of 101.8. The infant is admitted for further evaluation with a workup to include a blood
culture, a urine culture, a
spinal tap, and a chest X-ray.
Which issue of innate immunity, as it relates to neonates, is of concern?
High levels of mannose-binding lectin
Relative deficiency of factor B
Excess collectin and collectin-like protein
Dysfunctional chemotactic factor response - ANSWER-Relative deficiency of factor B
A 34-year-old patient is diagnosed with primary hypertension, and an advanced practice
registered nurse (APRN) is
reviewing the causes of the problem with the patient.
What is a cause of this diagnosis?
Genetics
Renal disease
Oral contraceptives
Obstructive sleep apnea - ANSWER-Genetics
,A 36-year-old patient is being seen by an advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) in
a primary care clinic for the
first time. The patient reports feeling depressed due to a major life change. Additional
symptoms include weight
gain, sedentary activity, and insomnia. The APRN plans on providing the patient with
several exercises to reduce the
physiological effect of stress.
Why is the APRN concerned about relieving this emotional response?
It increases protein synthesis.
It increases smooth muscle contraction.
It decreases glucose uptake. - ANSWER-It decreases glucose uptake.
A 45-year-old male patient with altered testosterone levels needs treatment. An
advanced practice registered nurse
(APRN) is aware that three factors affect hormone target cell responses when
determining a treatment approach.
Which factor should be considered by the APRN?
Limited concentration of organs
Change of target cell sensitivity
Affinity of receptor for the hormones
Limited number of target cell receptors - ANSWER-Affinity of receptor for the hormones
A 56-year-old patient presents to an emergency department with acute chest pain on
the day after the funeral of a
spouse. Diagnostic results reveal ST elevation and elevated troponins.
What is the probable diagnosis of these symptoms?
Unstable angina
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
Ventricular aneurysm
Pulmonary hypertension - ANSWER-Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
A child presents to a clinic with a fever, conjunctivitis, and a strawberry tongue. An
advanced practice registered
nurse (APRN) assesses the patient, and stage IV Kawasaki disease is suspected.
What is the pathological mechanism of this disorder?
Constriction of the ductal tissue
Obstruction of left ventricular outflow tract
Obstruction of blood flow to the vessels and aorta
Intimal thickening and stenosis of coronary arteries - ANSWER-Intimal thickening and
stenosis of coronary arteries
A child presents to a clinic with a white pupillary reflex noted in the right eye. The child
is constantly crying and
rubbing her eyes. An advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) performs a complete
ophthalmologic examination
,and orders several diagnostic tests. Based on the findings, a diagnosis of
retinoblastoma is confirmed.
What is the pathological mechanism of this disorder?
Autosomal dominant linked to genes results in mutations on chromosome 21
Deficiency of hexosaminidase causes accumulation enzymes that damage the brain
Mutations of a gene on chromosome 13q14 lead to neoplastic proliferation of cells
Invasion of astrocytomas of the brain structure destroys normal defenses - ANSWER-
Mutations of a gene on chromosome 13q14 lead to neoplastic proliferation of cells
A female patient has been diagnosed with an uncomplicated urinary tract infection
(UTI).
Which self-care measure that is specific to this type of infection should the
healthcareprovider teach the patient?
A. Drink at least eight glasses of water a day
B. Rest as much as possible in the few days after the start of the infection
C. Wipe from front to back after using the bathroom
D. Take medication if you have a fever - ANSWER-C. Wipe from front to back after
using the bathroom
Wiping front to back helps prevent the spread of e. coli into theurinary meatus. E. coli is
normally colonized in the bowel and is the mostcommon pathogen in UTIs.
A female patient presents with abnormal hair growth on the face and body and reports
that the hair on her head is
receding. An advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) determines that the patient
has hirsutism.
Which other diagnosis associated with this condition should be considered by the
APRN?
Polycystic ovarian syndrome
Telangiectasias
Keratoacanthoma
Actinic keratosis - ANSWER-Polycystic ovarian syndrome
A five-year-old child presents to a clinic with right inner thigh and groin pain that radiates
to the knee. The parents
report to an advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) that activity aggravates the
pain, but rest relieves it. The
APRN notes the child's Trendelenburg gait. Radiographic examination confirms a
diagnosis of Legg-Calvé-Perthes
disease (LCPD).
What is the pathologic cause of this disorder?
Recurrent interruption of the blood supply to the femoral head
Separation of the patella's anterior extension of the tibial epiphysis
Failure of ossification of the cell rows in the growth plate
Insufficient blood supply to the distal patellar pole - ANSWER-Recurrent interruption of
the blood supply to the femoral head
, A healthcare professional is assessing a patient who could have either pyelonephritis
orcystitis.
Which differentiating sign would assist the professional in making this diagnosis?
A. Increased glomerular filtration rate
B. Spasmodic pain that radiates to the groin
C. Urinalysis confirmation of white blood cell casts
D. Difficulty starting the stream of urine - ANSWER-C. Urinalysis confirmation of white
blood cell casts
When the kidney is inflamed, it causes damage that results in theproduction of white
blood cell (WBC) casts.
A healthcare professional is conducting community education on vaccinations.
Which statement about vaccines should the professional include in the presentation?
A. Most viral vaccines are made by using dead organisms.
A. Most bacterial vaccines contain attenuated organisms.
C. Vaccines require booster injections to maintain life-long protection.
D. Vaccines provide effective protection against most infections. - ANSWER-C.
Vaccines require booster injections to maintain life-long protection.
Most vaccines require a booster to increase immunity. The initial effects of a vaccine
may diminish over time, and boosters improve protection against disease.
A male infant has been diagnosed with intussusception, and the student asks
thehealthcare professional to explain the condition.
Which explanation by the professional is most accurate?
A. Fibrosis increases the resistance to blood flow within the portal system.
B. The colon stays in the upper-right quadrant instead of moving to its normallocation.
C. One part of the intestine telescopes into another section of the intestine.
D. Poor colonic motility is due to a problem in the parasympathetic nervoussystem. -
ANSWER-C. One part of the intestine telescopes into another section of the intestine.
An intussusception is where one part of the intestine telescopes intoanother section of
the intestine. Intussusception's cause is typically idiopathicbut can be linked to some
viruses that cause swelling in the intestines and isoften seen in the fall and winter.
Intussusception most commonly affects malechildren from 3-36 months of age.
A newborn child has a solitary purplish lesion on the head that looks like a spongy
mass.
Which diagnosis is supported by this type of lesion?
A. Cavernous hemangioma
B. Port-wine stain
C. Salmon patch
D. Strawberry hemangioma - ANSWER-A. Cavernous hemangioma
