Test Bank Solution Manual for CMY2601 Latest Update already Passed

Test Bank Solution Manual for CMY2601 Latest Update already Passed Rapid urbanisation places increasing pressure on urban social resources which in turn causes conflict in certain areas. Why are Criminologists interested in rapid urbanisation? - Answers because it creates the potential for crime. In demographic terms, urbanisation, as opposed to urban growth, refers to - Answers the reclassification of certain areas as urban areas. Urbanisation over the last 50 years has resulted in a situation whereby nearly half of the world's population live in urban areas. What percentage of the world's population are predicted by demographers to be living in urban areas by 2030? - Answers 61% Demography is the scientific study of populations. Migration from one country or area to another is influenced by considerations such as - Answers people's tolerance in respect of sensitive issues such as race and religion. According to a 1998 survey conducted by the Southern African Migration Project, urban South Africans clearly link the presence of ------with the country's social ills. (2) - Answers non-nationals It has been shown that developing countries with the ------ display a low level of urbanisation and a high rate of urban population growth. - Answers lowest per capita income The increase in the population in urban areas cannot only be attributed to migration from rural areas, but also to a relocation of urban boundaries, the natural increase in the established urban population and the relocation of people from other urban areas. This is know as - Answers urban growth. The following aspects contribute the most to the high crime rate in certain urban areas according to Barkan and Bryjak: - Answers unemployment, overcrowding, relative deprivation Macionis and Parillo made a few proposals to reduce the high crime rate in cities: - Answers • street patrols by local citizens • instil a sense of social responsibility • adopt a policy of tougher punishment • create citizens' boards to stimulate change • target vulnerable areas • improve the physical design of buildings John Maynard Keynes' concept of a mixed economy: - Answers The active involvement by the state in economic affairs to prevent national disasters and the private accumulation of wealth subject to state control. It can be argued that----- poverty, and not poverty, is a more relevant variable when trying to explain the fact that criminal activities differ from one environment to the other. - Answers relative, absolute With the movement away from socialism to capitalism in Eastern Europe, certain factors became prominent which were favourable to the growth of crime. One of these factors are - Answers high unemployment. Adam Smith's view of capitalism: - Answers Profit is morally justifiable and socially desirable with individuals keeping the economy working. According to the view of Blau and Blau, regions characterised by ------ experience the highest levels of violent crime. - Answers extreme economic inequality between racial groups Mixed economy - - Answers John Maynard Keynes Capitalism - - Answers Adam Smith Socialism - - Answers Karl Marx Dunstan studied the connection between variables such as unemployment, poor housing, isolation, and level of income with pathological (disease) conditions in society such as crime, juvenile delinquency and broken homes. What is the underlying factor that connects all these variables? - Answers Male unemployment. Involuntary unemployment arises as a result of - Answers resignation, staff reduction and early retirement. The consequences of unemployment are just as diverse as its causes, and in many cases----- gives rise to a state of apathy in which victims do not see even the few opportunities that might exist. In these circumstances, many people see crime as an opportunity to improve their situations. - Answers long-term unemployment Demographic unemployment: - Answers fewer job opportunities than there are workers in the labour force as the labour force grew faster than job opportunities. ASGISA, the government's project to increase the country's growth rate to over 6% per annum, identified----as one of the most important obstacles preventing the country from achieving the required growth rate. - Answers skills shortage Some criminologists are of the opinion that there is a clear connection between unemployment and crime and have attributed the motivation perspective and the opportunity perspective to this phenomenon. Motivation perspective: - Answers There is a positive link between the frustration caused by poor economic conditions and criminal activity. Crime can be a factor contributing to unemployment. How could crime likely be a factor in the following scenario? "A subsistence farmer takes out a loan to buy stock and all the stock is stolen." - Answers The result is large scale unemployment on the farm. During a recession, as opposed to a depression, criminal tendencies may take effect because - Answers unemployed people compare themselves with the majority of people who do have work. ----- is best described in the following paragraph: "Thousands of job opportunities were created as a result of the preparations for the 2010 FIFA Soccer World Cup. The building of soccer stadiums across the country is a good example of this. However, in the aftermath of the World Cup, unemployment will increase again." - Answers Structural unemployment Unemployment can be caused by a variety of factors, and the effect of these factors on the workplace can also vary considerably. - Answers These factors include criminal activities, structural factors, natural causes, and affirmative action. (Falling imports is NOT a factor) ---- is sometimes associated with idleness because there are people who simply prefer not to work. - Answers Voluntary unemployment The researchers------tried to identify the link between economic conditions, poverty and crime by