NU 126 Exam 2 Guide With
Complete Solution
Purposes of the resp system
-deliver O2 to and expel CO2 from the body, works in conjunction with the
circulatory system
-upper resp system warms and filters air
-lower resp system accomplishes gas exchange
upper respiratory tract
nose, sinuses and nasal passages, pharynx, tonsils, adenoids, larynx
(epiglottis, glottis, vocal cords, cartilages), trachea
lower respiratory system
-2 lungs; right (upper, middle, lower lobes) left (upper, lower lobes)
-pleura-covers the lungs and lines interior wall of chest cavity
-mediastinum-middle section of thoracic cavity that contains the heart, made
of by connective tissue
-bronchi and bronchioles, alveoli
assessment; recognize cues of resp system
-hx
-resp hx
,-smoking (pack-years), drug use (prescribed and illicit)
-complementary and integrative therapies
-allergies
-travel and geographical area of residence
-family hx and genetic risk
-current health problems
-pets, work environment, carpets, heating/cooling. secondhand smoke
physical assessment of resp system
-inspection of skin and mucuous membranes
-palpation for fremitus
-percussion
-auscultation
-normal breath sounds (vesicular, bronchovesicular, bronchial)
-abnormal (adventitious) breath sounds - crackles, wheezes, friction rub
diagnostic assessments of resp system
-lab assessment: RBC, ABG, sputum test
-imaging: chest X-rays, CT
-noninvasive diagnostic assessments: pulse ox, capnometry, capnography,
pulmonary function tests, exercise testing
capnography
,procedure to record carbon dioxide levels
invasive resp diagnostic assessments
-endoscopic examination
bronchoscopy-scope down the throat
thoracentesis- tapping/draining
lung biopsy-tissue sampling
resp changes associated with aging
-heredity, lifetime exposure to environmental pollutants
-minimize exposure to inhalation irritants, smoking cessation-tobacco,
hookah, vaping
-secondhand and thirdhand smoke
resp care modailties
O2 therapy
-administration of O2 at greater than 21% to provide adequate transport of
O2 in the blood while decreasing the work of breathing and reducing stress
on the myocardium
-goal: use lowest fraction of inspired O2 for acceptable blood O2 level
without causing harmful side effects
hypoxemia
deficient amount of oxygen in the blood
hypoxia
, deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues
interventions: take action (respiratory)
-recognize O2 hazards
-check prescription
-use humidification if delivered at 4L.min or more
-check skin for pressure points
-provide mouth care: lubricate nostrils, face, lips - official order
-clean cannula and mask
-collaborate with resp therapist
hazards and complications of O2 therapy
-combustion: fire/no smoking
-O2 toxicity: substernal chest pain, lethargy, fatigue, dyspnea, SOB, LOW LOC
-absorption atelectasis
-drying of mucous membranes
-infection: from tubing, water from humidifying, air being constantly taken in
O2 delivery systems
type used depends on
-required O2 conc
-O2 conc that can be achieved by a delivery system
-importance of accuracy and control of O2 conc
Complete Solution
Purposes of the resp system
-deliver O2 to and expel CO2 from the body, works in conjunction with the
circulatory system
-upper resp system warms and filters air
-lower resp system accomplishes gas exchange
upper respiratory tract
nose, sinuses and nasal passages, pharynx, tonsils, adenoids, larynx
(epiglottis, glottis, vocal cords, cartilages), trachea
lower respiratory system
-2 lungs; right (upper, middle, lower lobes) left (upper, lower lobes)
-pleura-covers the lungs and lines interior wall of chest cavity
-mediastinum-middle section of thoracic cavity that contains the heart, made
of by connective tissue
-bronchi and bronchioles, alveoli
assessment; recognize cues of resp system
-hx
-resp hx
,-smoking (pack-years), drug use (prescribed and illicit)
-complementary and integrative therapies
-allergies
-travel and geographical area of residence
-family hx and genetic risk
-current health problems
-pets, work environment, carpets, heating/cooling. secondhand smoke
physical assessment of resp system
-inspection of skin and mucuous membranes
-palpation for fremitus
-percussion
-auscultation
-normal breath sounds (vesicular, bronchovesicular, bronchial)
-abnormal (adventitious) breath sounds - crackles, wheezes, friction rub
diagnostic assessments of resp system
-lab assessment: RBC, ABG, sputum test
-imaging: chest X-rays, CT
-noninvasive diagnostic assessments: pulse ox, capnometry, capnography,
pulmonary function tests, exercise testing
capnography
,procedure to record carbon dioxide levels
invasive resp diagnostic assessments
-endoscopic examination
bronchoscopy-scope down the throat
thoracentesis- tapping/draining
lung biopsy-tissue sampling
resp changes associated with aging
-heredity, lifetime exposure to environmental pollutants
-minimize exposure to inhalation irritants, smoking cessation-tobacco,
hookah, vaping
-secondhand and thirdhand smoke
resp care modailties
O2 therapy
-administration of O2 at greater than 21% to provide adequate transport of
O2 in the blood while decreasing the work of breathing and reducing stress
on the myocardium
-goal: use lowest fraction of inspired O2 for acceptable blood O2 level
without causing harmful side effects
hypoxemia
deficient amount of oxygen in the blood
hypoxia
, deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues
interventions: take action (respiratory)
-recognize O2 hazards
-check prescription
-use humidification if delivered at 4L.min or more
-check skin for pressure points
-provide mouth care: lubricate nostrils, face, lips - official order
-clean cannula and mask
-collaborate with resp therapist
hazards and complications of O2 therapy
-combustion: fire/no smoking
-O2 toxicity: substernal chest pain, lethargy, fatigue, dyspnea, SOB, LOW LOC
-absorption atelectasis
-drying of mucous membranes
-infection: from tubing, water from humidifying, air being constantly taken in
O2 delivery systems
type used depends on
-required O2 conc
-O2 conc that can be achieved by a delivery system
-importance of accuracy and control of O2 conc
