Understanding Pathophysiology Sixth Edition (Sue E. Huether,
Kathryn L. McCance) Chapter 4, 6 Questions with Answers
Adaptive Alterations - correct answers>>>reversible, structural, or functional response both to normal or
physiologic conditions. (helpful, not leading to disease, physiological)
Harmful alterations - correct answers>>>pathological
Cellular Adaptation - correct answers>>>escape and protection from injury, not all cell changes bad,
often good
Atrophy - correct answers>>>decrease, shrinkage in cell size usually involves heart, skeletal muscles,
primary or secondary sex organs (ovaries or uterus), and brain
Physiologic atrophy - correct answers>>>thymus gland in children
Pathologic atrophy - correct answers>>>occurs as a result of a decrease in workload, pressure use, blood
supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, and nervous system simulation
Disuse atrophy - correct answers>>>skeletal muscle caused by immobilized in bed for prolonged time
Atrophy with aging - correct answers>>>brain cells become atrophic and endocrine dependent organs,
i.e. gonads shrink as hormonal stimulation decreases (chronic kidney disease also associated with
atrophy)
Hypertrophy (cellular adaptation) - correct answers>>>increase size (may be adaptive), skeletal and
cardiac muscles (work-related),
Examples of hypertrophy - correct answers>>>cell growth of remaining kidney after removal of diseased
kidney, or increase growth of uterus and mammary glands in pregnancy
Mechanical stimuli - correct answers>>>stretch of heart or skeletal muscle or smooth muscle of uterus
,Trophic signals - correct answers>>>growth factors, hormones (may be adaptive i.e. physiological or
pathological)
Pathological hypertrophy - correct answers>>>hypertrophy of heart muscle due to increased workload
(valve dysfunction or uncontrolled hypertension)
Agromegaly - correct answers>>>hypertrophy of heart muscle due to excess growth hormone
Hyperplasia - correct answers>>>increase number of cells relative to increased rate of cellular division
(not size of cells)
What does hyperplasia allow - correct answers>>>Compensatory allows organs to regenerate (i.e. 70% of
liver), adaptive mechanism
Hormal hyperplasia - correct answers>>>i.e. estrogen and progesterone cause uterine lining to grown in
preparation for possible pg
Pathologic hyperplasia - correct answers>>>abnormal cell proliferation of normal cells usually in
response to excessive hormonal stimulation or growth factors on target cells
Neoplasm - correct answers>>>can be benign or malignant growth of tissue (i.e. polyps in colon)
Pathologic hyperplasia common in - correct answers>>>endometrium, and prostate, if hormone
imbalance correction hyperplasia regresses
metaplasia - correct answers>>>reversible replacement of one cell type with another cell type
Metaplasia in respiratory tract - correct answers>>>replacement of normal columnar ciliated cells in the
bronchi with stratified squamous cells (major cause smoking) Stratified squamous do not secrete mucous
or have cilia. Reversible if stimulus removed i.e. smoking. Strong association with progression to
esophageal cancer
, Dysplasia - correct answers>>>atypical hyperplasia, abnormal changes in size, shape, number and
organization of the cells
Where might one see Dysplasia - correct answers>>>pap smear, colonoscopy
What happens during cellular injury - correct answers>>>cell unable to maintain homeostasis
Reversible injury - correct answers>>>cell recovery
Irreversible injury - correct answers>>>cell death
Injurious stimuli - correct answers>>>chemical agents, decreased oxygen (hypoxia), free radicals which
can be from excessive O2 infectious agents, physical damage, immunologic reactions, nutrition
imbalances, mutant genes (look at person holistically)
What is the point of no return for the cell - correct answers>>>Once changes to the nucleus occur and
cell membranes are disrupted, the cell moves to irreversible injury and death
What is the most common cause of cellular injury - correct answers>>>hypoxic injury
Hypoxic injuries result from - correct answers>>>decrease amount O2 in air, loss of hemoglobin or
efficacy of hemoglobin (max response avb), decrease production of RBC, respiratory and CV diseases,
poisoning of oxidative enzymes within the cells, ischemia
Ischemia - correct answers>>>reduced blood supply (MOST COMMON CAUSE OF HYPOXIA)
Ischemia reperfusion injury - correct answers>>>additional injury caused by restoration: blood flow of
O2
Cellular injury mechanisms - correct answers>>>oxidative stress, increased intracellular calcium,
inflammation, complement activation, anoxia
Kathryn L. McCance) Chapter 4, 6 Questions with Answers
Adaptive Alterations - correct answers>>>reversible, structural, or functional response both to normal or
physiologic conditions. (helpful, not leading to disease, physiological)
Harmful alterations - correct answers>>>pathological
Cellular Adaptation - correct answers>>>escape and protection from injury, not all cell changes bad,
often good
Atrophy - correct answers>>>decrease, shrinkage in cell size usually involves heart, skeletal muscles,
primary or secondary sex organs (ovaries or uterus), and brain
Physiologic atrophy - correct answers>>>thymus gland in children
Pathologic atrophy - correct answers>>>occurs as a result of a decrease in workload, pressure use, blood
supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, and nervous system simulation
Disuse atrophy - correct answers>>>skeletal muscle caused by immobilized in bed for prolonged time
Atrophy with aging - correct answers>>>brain cells become atrophic and endocrine dependent organs,
i.e. gonads shrink as hormonal stimulation decreases (chronic kidney disease also associated with
atrophy)
Hypertrophy (cellular adaptation) - correct answers>>>increase size (may be adaptive), skeletal and
cardiac muscles (work-related),
Examples of hypertrophy - correct answers>>>cell growth of remaining kidney after removal of diseased
kidney, or increase growth of uterus and mammary glands in pregnancy
Mechanical stimuli - correct answers>>>stretch of heart or skeletal muscle or smooth muscle of uterus
,Trophic signals - correct answers>>>growth factors, hormones (may be adaptive i.e. physiological or
pathological)
Pathological hypertrophy - correct answers>>>hypertrophy of heart muscle due to increased workload
(valve dysfunction or uncontrolled hypertension)
Agromegaly - correct answers>>>hypertrophy of heart muscle due to excess growth hormone
Hyperplasia - correct answers>>>increase number of cells relative to increased rate of cellular division
(not size of cells)
What does hyperplasia allow - correct answers>>>Compensatory allows organs to regenerate (i.e. 70% of
liver), adaptive mechanism
Hormal hyperplasia - correct answers>>>i.e. estrogen and progesterone cause uterine lining to grown in
preparation for possible pg
Pathologic hyperplasia - correct answers>>>abnormal cell proliferation of normal cells usually in
response to excessive hormonal stimulation or growth factors on target cells
Neoplasm - correct answers>>>can be benign or malignant growth of tissue (i.e. polyps in colon)
Pathologic hyperplasia common in - correct answers>>>endometrium, and prostate, if hormone
imbalance correction hyperplasia regresses
metaplasia - correct answers>>>reversible replacement of one cell type with another cell type
Metaplasia in respiratory tract - correct answers>>>replacement of normal columnar ciliated cells in the
bronchi with stratified squamous cells (major cause smoking) Stratified squamous do not secrete mucous
or have cilia. Reversible if stimulus removed i.e. smoking. Strong association with progression to
esophageal cancer
, Dysplasia - correct answers>>>atypical hyperplasia, abnormal changes in size, shape, number and
organization of the cells
Where might one see Dysplasia - correct answers>>>pap smear, colonoscopy
What happens during cellular injury - correct answers>>>cell unable to maintain homeostasis
Reversible injury - correct answers>>>cell recovery
Irreversible injury - correct answers>>>cell death
Injurious stimuli - correct answers>>>chemical agents, decreased oxygen (hypoxia), free radicals which
can be from excessive O2 infectious agents, physical damage, immunologic reactions, nutrition
imbalances, mutant genes (look at person holistically)
What is the point of no return for the cell - correct answers>>>Once changes to the nucleus occur and
cell membranes are disrupted, the cell moves to irreversible injury and death
What is the most common cause of cellular injury - correct answers>>>hypoxic injury
Hypoxic injuries result from - correct answers>>>decrease amount O2 in air, loss of hemoglobin or
efficacy of hemoglobin (max response avb), decrease production of RBC, respiratory and CV diseases,
poisoning of oxidative enzymes within the cells, ischemia
Ischemia - correct answers>>>reduced blood supply (MOST COMMON CAUSE OF HYPOXIA)
Ischemia reperfusion injury - correct answers>>>additional injury caused by restoration: blood flow of
O2
Cellular injury mechanisms - correct answers>>>oxidative stress, increased intracellular calcium,
inflammation, complement activation, anoxia
