VREEMDELINGENRECHT
SAMENVATTING
KUL 2019 - 2020
Prof. dr. S. BOUCKAERT en Prof. Muir Aagje Degroote
1
,INHOUDSOPGAVE
1. Inleiding + historiek....................................................................................................................................5
Praktische informatie......................................................................................................................................................... 5
A. Nadere situering van het vak..................................................................................................................................... 6
B. Het vreemdelingenrecht in België: een historisch overzicht in vogelvlucht..........................................8
Vooraf.......................................................................................................................................................................... 8
1. Periode 1800-1945........................................................................................................................................... 8
1. Periode 1952-1980........................................................................................................................................... 8
2. Periode 1980-1991........................................................................................................................................ 10
3. Periode 1991-1993........................................................................................................................................ 12
4. Periode 2000 – 2009..................................................................................................................................... 16
5. Periode van 2010 – heden........................................................................................................................... 18
Besluit...................................................................................................................................................................... 20
2. Structuur verblijfsreglementering + kort verblijf..........................................................................20
I. structuur van de verblijfsreglementering............................................................................................................ 20
II. Overzicht bevoegde instanties................................................................................................................................ 23
III. Kort verblijf (derdelanders)................................................................................................................................... 23
Algemeen................................................................................................................................................................ 23
Basisregel: Visum C (vooraf aan te vragen; geen recht, maar een gunst!)....................................24
Voorwaarden om een visum C te bekomen...............................................................................................24
Procedure............................................................................................................................................................... 27
Duur en reikwijdte van verblijf...................................................................................................................... 27
Administratieve formaliteiten........................................................................................................................ 28
Uitzonderingen..................................................................................................................................................... 28
3. Lang Verblijf omwille van werk + studie (derdelanders)............................................................29
Verblijf als buitenlandse student (derdelanders)................................................................................................29
SITUERING............................................................................................................................................................. 29
Voorwaarden......................................................................................................................................................... 30
Procedure............................................................................................................................................................... 32
Verblijf + 3 maanden in het kader van werk (derdelanders)..........................................................................34
Algemeen................................................................................................................................................................ 34
Economische migranten (Vlaanderen)....................................................................................................... 38
Werk als zelfstandige......................................................................................................................................... 41
3. Asiel en subsidiaire bescherming (derdelanders).........................................................................43
Inleiding................................................................................................................................................................................. 43
Inhoudelijke beoordeling................................................................................................................................................ 47
Vluchteling............................................................................................................................................................. 48
Subsidiaire bescherming.................................................................................................................................. 50
Procedureel kader............................................................................................................................................................. 51
normale procedure............................................................................................................................................. 52
(Verblijfs)statuut tijdens en na de procedure........................................................................................................ 57
Tijdens de asielprocedure................................................................................................................................ 57
2
, Toekenning vluchtelingenstatus................................................................................................................... 58
Toekenning status van subsidiaire bescherming....................................................................................59
Afwijzing................................................................................................................................................................. 59
4. bijna Humanitaire verblijfsstatuten (derdelanders)....................................................................60
Situering.................................................................................................................................................................. 60
1) Verblijf om medische redenen (sinds 2006).......................................................................................60
2) Verblijf als niet-begeleide minderjarige vreemdeling.....................................................................64
Verblijf als slachtoffer van mensenhandel................................................................................................. 67
Verblijf als staatsloze......................................................................................................................................... 70
5. Gezinshereniging (derdelanders)........................................................................................................72
Inleiding................................................................................................................................................................................. 73
A. Gezinshereniging met derdelander met onbeperkt verblijf........................................................................75
1. Kring van begunstigden................................................................................................................................ 75
MATERIËLE VOORWAARDEN........................................................................................................................ 79
2. Procedure – VERBLIJF VAN FAMILIELEDEN....................................................................................... 86
3. gezinswoning.................................................................................................................................................... 87
Juridische aspecten van migratiehandhaving......................................................................................91
inleiding................................................................................................................................................................................. 91
Migratiehandhaving en verblijfreglementering...................................................................................................91
Bestrijding van schijnsituaties....................................................................................................................... 92
II. Verwijderingsmaatregelen....................................................................................................................................... 93
Inleiding.................................................................................................................................................................. 93
1. Bevoegde overheid......................................................................................................................................... 95
2. Inhoudelijke gronden.................................................................................................................................... 95
3. Motivering en kennisgeving beroepsmiddelen...................................................................................96
4. Uitvoeringin de tijd........................................................................................................................................ 96
5. Uitwerking in de tijd (inreisverbod)....................................................................................................... 97
Detentie.................................................................................................................................................................................. 98
Bevoegde overheid.............................................................................................................................................. 98
Duurtijd................................................................................................................................................................... 99
DETENTIEREGIME........................................................................................................................................... 103
Bijzonder vraagstuk van detentie van niet-begeleide minderjarige vreemdelingen.............104
Migratiehandhaving via sociaal recht................................................................................................................... 107
Basisregel – DMH.............................................................................................................................................. 108
Uitzonderingen.................................................................................................................................................. 110
Besluit.................................................................................................................................................................... 113
Juridische instrumenten van integratie van vreemdelingen in België.....................................114
Inleiding.............................................................................................................................................................................. 114
Opstellen van bepaalde rechten................................................................................................................................ 115
Sociale rechten................................................................................................................................................... 115
Nationalietiesverwerving.............................................................................................................................. 123
Koppelen van bepaalde rechten aan criteria van integratie(bereidheid)..............................................129
Sociale rechten................................................................................................................................................... 129
3
, Verblijfsrechten................................................................................................................................................. 130
Via specifieke structuren – inburgering................................................................................................................ 131
Besluit................................................................................................................................................................................... 133
Introduction to EU Migration & Asylum Law: History & Institutional Framework..............134
Reading materials (see Toledo)................................................................................................................................ 134
Introduction...................................................................................................................................................................... 134
The evolution of EU competences in the field of migration & asylum.........................................135
– The specificities of the EU legal order and their relevance for migration law......................148
Conclusions......................................................................................................................................................... 154
The functioning of the Schengen area...................................................................................................157
Introduction...................................................................................................................................................................... 157
HISTORICAL, GEOGRAPHICAL AND LEGAL OVERVIEW OF THE ‘SCHENGEN AREA’........................159
History of the Schengen Area: from international law to ‘mainstream’ EU law.......................159
Geography of the Schengen Area: variable geometry or multi-speed Europe..........................161
Key idea and legal texts.................................................................................................................................. 163
AN AREA WITH COMMON EXTERNAL BORDERS…..........................................................................................165
Crossing of external borders (Art.5)......................................................................................................... 165
Entry conditions for TCNs (Art.6, last amended in 2018).................................................................166
Conduct of border checks (Art.7)............................................................................................................... 167
Border checks on persons (Art.8 -> amendments in 2017, 2018 & 2019).................................169
Relaxation of border checks (Art.9)........................................................................................................... 170
Practicalities (Arts.10-12)............................................................................................................................. 170
Border surveillance (Art.13)........................................................................................................................ 170
Refusal of entry (Art.14)................................................................................................................................ 171
Specific measures in the case of serious deficiencies relating to external border control. .171
FOR AN AREA WITHOUT INTERNAL BORDER CONTROLS... REALLY?....................................................172
Crossing internal borders (Art.22)............................................................................................................ 172
Checks within the territory (Art.23), the absence of internal border controls shall not affect:
.................................................................................................................................................................................. 172
Removal of obstacles to traffic at road crossing-points at internal borders (Art.24)............174
Temporary reintroduction of border control at internal borders.................................................175
Horizontal provisions...................................................................................................................................... 178
How is the use of Article 29 of the Schengen Border Code in the case of serious deficiencies
relating to external border control illustrated in your reading materials?............................179
The problem...................................................................................................................................................179
Any solution in sight?.................................................................................................................................180
VISA AND TRAVEL AUTHORISATION..................................................................................................................... 180
Joint visa lists provided at EU level............................................................................................................ 180
Agreements between the EU and Third States = bilateraal agreements.....................................182
Criteria and types of visa............................................................................................................................... 182
Travel authorization for TCNs with a visa exemption: forthcoming............................................182
Freedom to travel............................................................................................................................................. 183
4
SAMENVATTING
KUL 2019 - 2020
Prof. dr. S. BOUCKAERT en Prof. Muir Aagje Degroote
1
,INHOUDSOPGAVE
1. Inleiding + historiek....................................................................................................................................5
Praktische informatie......................................................................................................................................................... 5
A. Nadere situering van het vak..................................................................................................................................... 6
B. Het vreemdelingenrecht in België: een historisch overzicht in vogelvlucht..........................................8
Vooraf.......................................................................................................................................................................... 8
1. Periode 1800-1945........................................................................................................................................... 8
1. Periode 1952-1980........................................................................................................................................... 8
2. Periode 1980-1991........................................................................................................................................ 10
3. Periode 1991-1993........................................................................................................................................ 12
4. Periode 2000 – 2009..................................................................................................................................... 16
5. Periode van 2010 – heden........................................................................................................................... 18
Besluit...................................................................................................................................................................... 20
2. Structuur verblijfsreglementering + kort verblijf..........................................................................20
I. structuur van de verblijfsreglementering............................................................................................................ 20
II. Overzicht bevoegde instanties................................................................................................................................ 23
III. Kort verblijf (derdelanders)................................................................................................................................... 23
Algemeen................................................................................................................................................................ 23
Basisregel: Visum C (vooraf aan te vragen; geen recht, maar een gunst!)....................................24
Voorwaarden om een visum C te bekomen...............................................................................................24
Procedure............................................................................................................................................................... 27
Duur en reikwijdte van verblijf...................................................................................................................... 27
Administratieve formaliteiten........................................................................................................................ 28
Uitzonderingen..................................................................................................................................................... 28
3. Lang Verblijf omwille van werk + studie (derdelanders)............................................................29
Verblijf als buitenlandse student (derdelanders)................................................................................................29
SITUERING............................................................................................................................................................. 29
Voorwaarden......................................................................................................................................................... 30
Procedure............................................................................................................................................................... 32
Verblijf + 3 maanden in het kader van werk (derdelanders)..........................................................................34
Algemeen................................................................................................................................................................ 34
Economische migranten (Vlaanderen)....................................................................................................... 38
Werk als zelfstandige......................................................................................................................................... 41
3. Asiel en subsidiaire bescherming (derdelanders).........................................................................43
Inleiding................................................................................................................................................................................. 43
Inhoudelijke beoordeling................................................................................................................................................ 47
Vluchteling............................................................................................................................................................. 48
Subsidiaire bescherming.................................................................................................................................. 50
Procedureel kader............................................................................................................................................................. 51
normale procedure............................................................................................................................................. 52
(Verblijfs)statuut tijdens en na de procedure........................................................................................................ 57
Tijdens de asielprocedure................................................................................................................................ 57
2
, Toekenning vluchtelingenstatus................................................................................................................... 58
Toekenning status van subsidiaire bescherming....................................................................................59
Afwijzing................................................................................................................................................................. 59
4. bijna Humanitaire verblijfsstatuten (derdelanders)....................................................................60
Situering.................................................................................................................................................................. 60
1) Verblijf om medische redenen (sinds 2006).......................................................................................60
2) Verblijf als niet-begeleide minderjarige vreemdeling.....................................................................64
Verblijf als slachtoffer van mensenhandel................................................................................................. 67
Verblijf als staatsloze......................................................................................................................................... 70
5. Gezinshereniging (derdelanders)........................................................................................................72
Inleiding................................................................................................................................................................................. 73
A. Gezinshereniging met derdelander met onbeperkt verblijf........................................................................75
1. Kring van begunstigden................................................................................................................................ 75
MATERIËLE VOORWAARDEN........................................................................................................................ 79
2. Procedure – VERBLIJF VAN FAMILIELEDEN....................................................................................... 86
3. gezinswoning.................................................................................................................................................... 87
Juridische aspecten van migratiehandhaving......................................................................................91
inleiding................................................................................................................................................................................. 91
Migratiehandhaving en verblijfreglementering...................................................................................................91
Bestrijding van schijnsituaties....................................................................................................................... 92
II. Verwijderingsmaatregelen....................................................................................................................................... 93
Inleiding.................................................................................................................................................................. 93
1. Bevoegde overheid......................................................................................................................................... 95
2. Inhoudelijke gronden.................................................................................................................................... 95
3. Motivering en kennisgeving beroepsmiddelen...................................................................................96
4. Uitvoeringin de tijd........................................................................................................................................ 96
5. Uitwerking in de tijd (inreisverbod)....................................................................................................... 97
Detentie.................................................................................................................................................................................. 98
Bevoegde overheid.............................................................................................................................................. 98
Duurtijd................................................................................................................................................................... 99
DETENTIEREGIME........................................................................................................................................... 103
Bijzonder vraagstuk van detentie van niet-begeleide minderjarige vreemdelingen.............104
Migratiehandhaving via sociaal recht................................................................................................................... 107
Basisregel – DMH.............................................................................................................................................. 108
Uitzonderingen.................................................................................................................................................. 110
Besluit.................................................................................................................................................................... 113
Juridische instrumenten van integratie van vreemdelingen in België.....................................114
Inleiding.............................................................................................................................................................................. 114
Opstellen van bepaalde rechten................................................................................................................................ 115
Sociale rechten................................................................................................................................................... 115
Nationalietiesverwerving.............................................................................................................................. 123
Koppelen van bepaalde rechten aan criteria van integratie(bereidheid)..............................................129
Sociale rechten................................................................................................................................................... 129
3
, Verblijfsrechten................................................................................................................................................. 130
Via specifieke structuren – inburgering................................................................................................................ 131
Besluit................................................................................................................................................................................... 133
Introduction to EU Migration & Asylum Law: History & Institutional Framework..............134
Reading materials (see Toledo)................................................................................................................................ 134
Introduction...................................................................................................................................................................... 134
The evolution of EU competences in the field of migration & asylum.........................................135
– The specificities of the EU legal order and their relevance for migration law......................148
Conclusions......................................................................................................................................................... 154
The functioning of the Schengen area...................................................................................................157
Introduction...................................................................................................................................................................... 157
HISTORICAL, GEOGRAPHICAL AND LEGAL OVERVIEW OF THE ‘SCHENGEN AREA’........................159
History of the Schengen Area: from international law to ‘mainstream’ EU law.......................159
Geography of the Schengen Area: variable geometry or multi-speed Europe..........................161
Key idea and legal texts.................................................................................................................................. 163
AN AREA WITH COMMON EXTERNAL BORDERS…..........................................................................................165
Crossing of external borders (Art.5)......................................................................................................... 165
Entry conditions for TCNs (Art.6, last amended in 2018).................................................................166
Conduct of border checks (Art.7)............................................................................................................... 167
Border checks on persons (Art.8 -> amendments in 2017, 2018 & 2019).................................169
Relaxation of border checks (Art.9)........................................................................................................... 170
Practicalities (Arts.10-12)............................................................................................................................. 170
Border surveillance (Art.13)........................................................................................................................ 170
Refusal of entry (Art.14)................................................................................................................................ 171
Specific measures in the case of serious deficiencies relating to external border control. .171
FOR AN AREA WITHOUT INTERNAL BORDER CONTROLS... REALLY?....................................................172
Crossing internal borders (Art.22)............................................................................................................ 172
Checks within the territory (Art.23), the absence of internal border controls shall not affect:
.................................................................................................................................................................................. 172
Removal of obstacles to traffic at road crossing-points at internal borders (Art.24)............174
Temporary reintroduction of border control at internal borders.................................................175
Horizontal provisions...................................................................................................................................... 178
How is the use of Article 29 of the Schengen Border Code in the case of serious deficiencies
relating to external border control illustrated in your reading materials?............................179
The problem...................................................................................................................................................179
Any solution in sight?.................................................................................................................................180
VISA AND TRAVEL AUTHORISATION..................................................................................................................... 180
Joint visa lists provided at EU level............................................................................................................ 180
Agreements between the EU and Third States = bilateraal agreements.....................................182
Criteria and types of visa............................................................................................................................... 182
Travel authorization for TCNs with a visa exemption: forthcoming............................................182
Freedom to travel............................................................................................................................................. 183
4
