BIOD 102 Portage Learning Questions With Verified Answers

5' cap - Answer-a guanine nucleotide that has been modified by the attachment of
phosphates 20-40 nucleotides

.acetylation - Answer-the addition of acetyl groups to an amino acid of the histone tail
which flips the switch ON; this induces transcription because the addition of the acetyl
group alters the chemical structure and resulting interactions allowing the DNA to
become more accessible to transcription machinery

.activator proteins - Answer-increase transcription by facilitating protein to protein
interactions or binding to another regulatory regions; regardless of the mechanism the
end result is enhanced transcription

.alternative splicing - Answer-a type of RNA processing that involves the splicing and
rejoining of different regions from one primary transcript; the benefit of alternative
splicing is the production of more than one kind of mRNA from a single primary
transcript

.amino end (N-terminus) - Answer-the initial methionine located at the 5' N terminus

.aminoacyl-tRNA binding site (A-site) - Answer-serves to hold the tRNA carrying the
amino acid that is to be added next to the growing chain

.anticodon region - Answer-consists of a nucleotide triplet oriented in the 3' to 5'
orientation that base-pairs to a precise mRNA codon that is oriented in the 5' to 3'
direction

.carboxyl end (C-terminus) - Answer-the final amino acid is said to be located at the 3'
C-terminus

.control elements - Answer-non-coding regions of DNA and are responsible for the
regulation of transcription

.Cytokinesis - Answer-the process of dividing the cell's cytoplasm

.differential gene expression - Answer-the expression of different genes among different
cells types of one organism

.disassembly - Answer-the final step of translation initiation complex; it occurs in a a
variety of steps and requires multiple protein facts

, .distal control elements - Answer-located further away from the promoter region

.DNA ligase - Answer-an enzyme that facilitates the joining the Okazaki fragments

.DNA polymerase - Answer-enzymes that add nucleotides to the 3' end of the existing
chain via dehydration reactions

.elongation factors - Answer-proteins that facilitate lengthening of the polypeptide chain

.enhancers - Answer-groups of distal control elements that can regulate the rate of
transcription based on what type of protein binds to the region; they are specific to the
gene they interact with

.epigenetic inheritance - Answer-occurs when chromatin modifications affect a trait and
those effects are passed to future generations

.exit site (E-site) - Answer-permits the passage of the tRNA molecules out of the
ribosome so that they can grab the appropriate amino acid for the next round of addition
to the growing chain

.exit tunnel - Answer-allows passage of the polypeptide chain which is continually
growing in length as amino acids are added when its complete it is released through the
exit tunnel

.exons - Answer-nucleotide regions that do encode for amino acids and will be
translated into a protein, rejoined together during this phase

.frameshift mutation - Answer-the insertion/deletion of nucleotide bases in numbers that
are not multiples of three

.G1 and G2 - Answer-the gap phases that are characterized by cellular growth such as
protein and organelle production

.gene - Answer-the unit of heredity composed of DNA that is passed from parent to
offspring and contain info about the characteristics of an individual

.gene expression - Answer-the process through with an individual's unique DNA directs
the synthesis of proteins

.general transcription factors - Answer-a broad group; these proteins are required for all
genes that encode for proteins

.genotype - Answer-the precise sequence of genetic info

.Helicase - Answer-an enzyme that has the role of untwisting and separating the helix
parent strands at the replication fork