ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
÷:÷÷÷:: : : :a
Ch H2 n t 2
÷:÷:÷÷÷÷÷÷:÷÷÷:÷: :
THE HYDROCARBONS ALKANES
organic molecules are molecules
with
containing carbon atoms
carbides and cyanide S i .
'
.
BP T
H
saturated compound
FUNCTIONAL
%IYafITate"anydrocarb
÷ ÷ ÷: ÷ :÷ ÷ :÷:÷ ÷÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ :÷÷÷f
GROUPS cnH2n
strufnowYRFfnefooar.MUA naming
H H H H H
'
double bonds
'
f I I H
)
g g
- - -
H
-
-
-
!:c:D.gg?nr:YfImnEIItIIIIIIeYg !:p
①
H " " " "
no NAMING SUMMARY
SEMI STRUCTURAL
FUNCTIONAL
-
① identify GROUP
SUFFIX
FORMULA functional group →
① continuous
Name the longest y
most important bonds • alkanes end in ane
-
chain
alkenes end in -
ene
•
③ Include any alkyl substituents
MOLC-fuumthe-RfypoeskotfaY.fm'T CH 3 methyl
ethyl
:i÷i÷ ÷ ÷ :÷ ÷:÷
-
e add ol
CH 2
Cq Hg
CH 3 ⑧ carboxylic acids
-
end in 01C acid
ft
-
H H
NB
pi
'
+, o
'
l NO # S
I
l 11
d "
C C -
H c OH
ti
-
c
- - -
H -
-
c -
' '
⑨ Esters
i÷÷÷÷÷: :÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ :÷ ÷:
" "
oate
DIENES
end n -
'
"A "
add -
c -
O - c -
contain XZ double bonds DOUBLE BONDS
I
alkene → IF THE MOLECULE CONTAINS
+ SIDE CHAINS
"
tin:
"
:÷i÷ ÷ ÷. ÷ i÷ ÷
STRUCTURAL ISOMERS F fluoro
chloro A SIZE Of
Cl
strength 9 with
bromo molecule
Br
CHAIN ISOMERS ' od 're
I due to : 9 in electron cloud
different chain lengths
density
POSITIONAL ISOMERS
:÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷i÷÷:÷: :. ".
different position for
ALCOHOLS
the
functional group
same
bond Bp g Mp
strong hydrogen
÷÷÷:÷:÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷::
FUNCTIONAL ISOMERS COMBUSTION RXNS
different functional COMBUSTION OF ALKANES
groups
methane burns in excess oxygen
" iii. in .
l l ethanol burns in excess oxygen
l l H H
Ca Hs Ott
H H
, ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
1 HYDROCARBONS : carbon t
hydrogen
carbon atoms can form a strong covalent bonds saturated =
only contain single bonds [ ALKANET ]
( n H2 ht 2
carbon atoms can Undergo hybrid nation unsaturated =
contain atleast one double triple bond
[ ALKENES ]
( NH 2h
GROUND STATE
P P 2 HALO ALKA Nfl : contain at least ONE Halogen atom
H H H H
substituent
Ttv l l l l
f
H -
C -
C -
C -
C -
Cl
l
l l l
Tf H H H
H
Addition of a small l -
chloro butane
amount of energy leads
EXCITED STATE to hybridization of the
carbon atom
f fluoro Br bromo
P P M CI chloro l todo
p
TW 3 ALCOHOLS : contain at least one hydroxyl group
ft C -
OH )
0
REPRESENTATION il
'
ft ft i t'
STRUCTURAL → all the bonds t all the atoms H -
C -
C -
C -
C -
C -
H
ti ti ti ti H
"H H H L ol
pent an
- -
-
l l l
H -
C -
C -
C -
H
O
l l l
'
C d )
H H H
4 CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
: carboxyl group
- -
OH
[ propane ]
H H O
l l l
SEMI -
STRUCTURAL → all bonds in parent chain t substituents H -
C -
C -
C
l l l
H H O -
H
propanol C ACID
( Hz
-
CH z
-
CH -
( H2 -
CH 3
I
CH 3
5 ESTERS : alcohols react w carboxylic acids
0
=
CONDENSED STRUCTURAL →
only double bonds shown R -
C
' '
o
-
R
ESTER FUNCTIONAL GROUP
CH3CH= CHCH 3
O H H
'' ' '
MOLECULAR FORMULAE → # 8 types of atoms H -
C -
O -
C -
C -
H
l l
H H
CH 3 Br Cz Ha 02
( 4h10 ethyl Methanoate
CLASSIFICATION
HOMOLOGOUS SERIES → a group of compounds which
have the same functional group and similar physical 8
Chemical properties
,NOMENCLATURE POSITIONAL ISOMERS → these isomers have a different
position in the same functional
group
/ HOMOLOGOUS SERIE I = SUFFIX H H H H H
l l l l
/
H -
c = C -
C -
c -
c -
H
3 4 5
( Z l l l
series suffix
Homologous H H H
ane H H H
Alkane H
-
H l l l
l
H
l
C
= C
sc
- - -
Alkene -
ene
H -
c
-
c
\
I 2 3 41 1
Halo alkane ane
H H H
-
Alcohol -
ol
acid hole acid FUNCTIONAL ISOMERS → contain different functional
carboxylic
-
groups
Ester noate
H
-
H O H O H
l l ll l ll l
H H C O C C H
C C C OH - - - -
- - - - -
l l
l
2 # THE LONGEST CONTINUOUS CHAIN OF CARBON l
H H
H
H
ATOMS IN SUCH A WAY → FUNCTIONAL GROUP
SITUATED → LOWEST # CARBON SUMMARY → IUPAC NAMING
I identify the homologous group by identifying FG
# OF CARBON A- TOMI PREFIX 2 # the longest continuous carbon chain
I meth -
3 # in alphabetical order if more than one
2 eth -
4 commas → #s dashes → # sand words
3 prop -
5 vowels and consonants
4 but -
5 pent -
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
b hex -
7 hept -
8 Oct -
a non -
10 dec -
ALKYL SUBSTITUENTS " side -
chain "
ALKYL SUB .
NAME
-
CH } Methyl
-
CHzCH3 ethyl
-
CHICHI CH 3 propyl
CHAIN ISOMERS → isomers have different chain
lengths
EXAMPLE
CH3 5
I I 4 I 2 3 4
2 3
C CHI CH 3 CH } CH CHI CHI CH 3
CH3
- - - - -
- -
I 1
CH 3 CH 3
, HYDROGEN BONDING
Found in alcohols X carboxylic acids
X carboxylic acids →
experience a greater # of these
forces per molecule than alcohols
X carboxylic acids
.
. .
→
stronger overall intermolecular
forces btw molecules
X requiring
'
. . more energy to overcome the hydrogen
bonding forces
M MP X BP
X resulting in in carboxylic acids
H
H
i O -
H . - .
O - ,
-
I a -
-
C H
c - -
H -
C -
C l
' /
Il H
H O - - -
H -
O
T acid
Hydrogen bonding in acetic
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
T MP X 9 BP → INDICATION OF STRONGER IMF
PRESENT BTW PARTICLES
LOW VISCOSITY = liquid can flow easily
when IMF T in strength → substance become more viscous
HB = A viscosity
MISCIBLE → solid can dissolve in liquid become homogenous
solution
÷:÷÷÷:: : : :a
Ch H2 n t 2
÷:÷:÷÷÷÷÷÷:÷÷÷:÷: :
THE HYDROCARBONS ALKANES
organic molecules are molecules
with
containing carbon atoms
carbides and cyanide S i .
'
.
BP T
H
saturated compound
FUNCTIONAL
%IYafITate"anydrocarb
÷ ÷ ÷: ÷ :÷ ÷ :÷:÷ ÷÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ :÷÷÷f
GROUPS cnH2n
strufnowYRFfnefooar.MUA naming
H H H H H
'
double bonds
'
f I I H
)
g g
- - -
H
-
-
-
!:c:D.gg?nr:YfImnEIItIIIIIIeYg !:p
①
H " " " "
no NAMING SUMMARY
SEMI STRUCTURAL
FUNCTIONAL
-
① identify GROUP
SUFFIX
FORMULA functional group →
① continuous
Name the longest y
most important bonds • alkanes end in ane
-
chain
alkenes end in -
ene
•
③ Include any alkyl substituents
MOLC-fuumthe-RfypoeskotfaY.fm'T CH 3 methyl
ethyl
:i÷i÷ ÷ ÷ :÷ ÷:÷
-
e add ol
CH 2
Cq Hg
CH 3 ⑧ carboxylic acids
-
end in 01C acid
ft
-
H H
NB
pi
'
+, o
'
l NO # S
I
l 11
d "
C C -
H c OH
ti
-
c
- - -
H -
-
c -
' '
⑨ Esters
i÷÷÷÷÷: :÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ :÷ ÷:
" "
oate
DIENES
end n -
'
"A "
add -
c -
O - c -
contain XZ double bonds DOUBLE BONDS
I
alkene → IF THE MOLECULE CONTAINS
+ SIDE CHAINS
"
tin:
"
:÷i÷ ÷ ÷. ÷ i÷ ÷
STRUCTURAL ISOMERS F fluoro
chloro A SIZE Of
Cl
strength 9 with
bromo molecule
Br
CHAIN ISOMERS ' od 're
I due to : 9 in electron cloud
different chain lengths
density
POSITIONAL ISOMERS
:÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷i÷÷:÷: :. ".
different position for
ALCOHOLS
the
functional group
same
bond Bp g Mp
strong hydrogen
÷÷÷:÷:÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷::
FUNCTIONAL ISOMERS COMBUSTION RXNS
different functional COMBUSTION OF ALKANES
groups
methane burns in excess oxygen
" iii. in .
l l ethanol burns in excess oxygen
l l H H
Ca Hs Ott
H H
, ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
1 HYDROCARBONS : carbon t
hydrogen
carbon atoms can form a strong covalent bonds saturated =
only contain single bonds [ ALKANET ]
( n H2 ht 2
carbon atoms can Undergo hybrid nation unsaturated =
contain atleast one double triple bond
[ ALKENES ]
( NH 2h
GROUND STATE
P P 2 HALO ALKA Nfl : contain at least ONE Halogen atom
H H H H
substituent
Ttv l l l l
f
H -
C -
C -
C -
C -
Cl
l
l l l
Tf H H H
H
Addition of a small l -
chloro butane
amount of energy leads
EXCITED STATE to hybridization of the
carbon atom
f fluoro Br bromo
P P M CI chloro l todo
p
TW 3 ALCOHOLS : contain at least one hydroxyl group
ft C -
OH )
0
REPRESENTATION il
'
ft ft i t'
STRUCTURAL → all the bonds t all the atoms H -
C -
C -
C -
C -
C -
H
ti ti ti ti H
"H H H L ol
pent an
- -
-
l l l
H -
C -
C -
C -
H
O
l l l
'
C d )
H H H
4 CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
: carboxyl group
- -
OH
[ propane ]
H H O
l l l
SEMI -
STRUCTURAL → all bonds in parent chain t substituents H -
C -
C -
C
l l l
H H O -
H
propanol C ACID
( Hz
-
CH z
-
CH -
( H2 -
CH 3
I
CH 3
5 ESTERS : alcohols react w carboxylic acids
0
=
CONDENSED STRUCTURAL →
only double bonds shown R -
C
' '
o
-
R
ESTER FUNCTIONAL GROUP
CH3CH= CHCH 3
O H H
'' ' '
MOLECULAR FORMULAE → # 8 types of atoms H -
C -
O -
C -
C -
H
l l
H H
CH 3 Br Cz Ha 02
( 4h10 ethyl Methanoate
CLASSIFICATION
HOMOLOGOUS SERIES → a group of compounds which
have the same functional group and similar physical 8
Chemical properties
,NOMENCLATURE POSITIONAL ISOMERS → these isomers have a different
position in the same functional
group
/ HOMOLOGOUS SERIE I = SUFFIX H H H H H
l l l l
/
H -
c = C -
C -
c -
c -
H
3 4 5
( Z l l l
series suffix
Homologous H H H
ane H H H
Alkane H
-
H l l l
l
H
l
C
= C
sc
- - -
Alkene -
ene
H -
c
-
c
\
I 2 3 41 1
Halo alkane ane
H H H
-
Alcohol -
ol
acid hole acid FUNCTIONAL ISOMERS → contain different functional
carboxylic
-
groups
Ester noate
H
-
H O H O H
l l ll l ll l
H H C O C C H
C C C OH - - - -
- - - - -
l l
l
2 # THE LONGEST CONTINUOUS CHAIN OF CARBON l
H H
H
H
ATOMS IN SUCH A WAY → FUNCTIONAL GROUP
SITUATED → LOWEST # CARBON SUMMARY → IUPAC NAMING
I identify the homologous group by identifying FG
# OF CARBON A- TOMI PREFIX 2 # the longest continuous carbon chain
I meth -
3 # in alphabetical order if more than one
2 eth -
4 commas → #s dashes → # sand words
3 prop -
5 vowels and consonants
4 but -
5 pent -
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
b hex -
7 hept -
8 Oct -
a non -
10 dec -
ALKYL SUBSTITUENTS " side -
chain "
ALKYL SUB .
NAME
-
CH } Methyl
-
CHzCH3 ethyl
-
CHICHI CH 3 propyl
CHAIN ISOMERS → isomers have different chain
lengths
EXAMPLE
CH3 5
I I 4 I 2 3 4
2 3
C CHI CH 3 CH } CH CHI CHI CH 3
CH3
- - - - -
- -
I 1
CH 3 CH 3
, HYDROGEN BONDING
Found in alcohols X carboxylic acids
X carboxylic acids →
experience a greater # of these
forces per molecule than alcohols
X carboxylic acids
.
. .
→
stronger overall intermolecular
forces btw molecules
X requiring
'
. . more energy to overcome the hydrogen
bonding forces
M MP X BP
X resulting in in carboxylic acids
H
H
i O -
H . - .
O - ,
-
I a -
-
C H
c - -
H -
C -
C l
' /
Il H
H O - - -
H -
O
T acid
Hydrogen bonding in acetic
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
T MP X 9 BP → INDICATION OF STRONGER IMF
PRESENT BTW PARTICLES
LOW VISCOSITY = liquid can flow easily
when IMF T in strength → substance become more viscous
HB = A viscosity
MISCIBLE → solid can dissolve in liquid become homogenous
solution
