WGU D236 PATHO STUDY GUIDE WITH
ANSWERS
Pressure that is due to albumin in the bloodstream? -
CORRECT ANSWER-Oncotic
Oncotic - CORRECT ANSWER-a form of osmotic pressure
exerted by proteins
In the blood, _____ is the most common plasma protein and is,
therefore, a primary determinant of oncotic pressure -
CORRECT ANSWER-albumin
_____ controls osmotic pressure in vascular system, builds
volume - CORRECT ANSWER-Albumin
One question was about the difference in children and adult
immunity - CORRECT ANSWER-Possible answer: naive T
cells
Learning check question: Which differences in immunity make
children and older adult patients more susceptible to infections?
Choose 2 answers
Younger patients have fewer memory cells to combat infection
Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T
cells
Older adult patients have more memory cells to combat
infection
,Younger patients have a large population of naive T cells
Older adult patients have a large population of naive T cells -
CORRECT ANSWER-Younger patients have fewer memory
cells to combat infection
Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T
cells
Rationale: younger patients have not been exposed to many
pathogens, which means that they have fewer memory cells
than adults. The primary immune response is relatively weak
compared to a secondary response mediated by memory cells.
Older adult patients do not have as many T cells compared to
younger patients. When these patients encounter novel
pathogens, the reduced number of naive T cells gives clonal
selection fewer opportunities to "find" T cells that will be
effective.
Fluid and electrolyte levels are regulated by _______, which
regulates actions such as thirst, ADH, the kidneys, and RAAS. -
CORRECT ANSWER-osmoreceptors
Fluid deficit causes - CORRECT ANSWER--Excessive loss
-Inadequate intake
-Or combination of both
Fluid deficit risk factors - CORRECT ANSWER--
Vomiting/diarrhea
-Excessive sweating
-Insufficient water intake
Fluid deficit manifestations - CORRECT ANSWER--dry mucous
membranes
-decreased skin turgor
,-decreased urine output
-low blood pressure
-tachycardia
-confusion
ROME for ABGs - CORRECT ANSWER-Respiratory Opposite
Metabolic Equal
If pH and pCO2 are moving in opposite directions, then it is
pCO2 levels that are causing the imbalance and it is respiratory
in nature
If they are moving the same direction then it is metabolic in
nature
Buffers, renal compensation, and respiratory compensation
help to maintain a blood pH of _______ - CORRECT
ANSWER-7.35-7.45
A patient with a viral illness and severe vomiting has an
elevated CO2 level and a blood pH of 7.53. She is breathing
slowly. What condition does the patient have?
Metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis - CORRECT ANSWER-Metabolic
alkalosis
The patient's pH and CO2 level are both elevating (moving in
the same direction). This indicates metabolic alkalosis. The
CO2 level is high because her respiratory system is attempting
to compensate for the high pH by exhaling less and retaining
more CO2
To prevent changes in pH, the body employs buffer systems.
The body utilizes 3 buffer systems: - CORRECT ANSWER-
, proteins, phosphates, and the carbonic acid-bicarbonate
system
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system first line of defense is _____,
second line of defense is _____ - CORRECT ANSWER-
respirations; kidneys
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system equation - CORRECT
ANSWER-The equation moves in both directions
CABS Equation:
When CO2 levels are elevated, the equation moves ________,
forming more H+ and HCO3- ions - CORRECT ANSWER-
toward the right
CABS Equation:
When H+ ions are elevated, the equation moves _____, as H+
ions are converted to CO2 and the CO2 is exhaled. -
CORRECT ANSWER-toward the left
CO2 levels - CORRECT ANSWER-35-45
HCO3 levels - CORRECT ANSWER-22-26
Michael's pulmonary edema leads to respiratory acidosis. How
does pH impact Michael's basal metabolic panel? Choose 3
answers.
His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have difficulty
removing it from the bloodstream.
His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an
attempt to get it out of the bloodstream, K+ moves from cells
into the bloodstream.
His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.
ANSWERS
Pressure that is due to albumin in the bloodstream? -
CORRECT ANSWER-Oncotic
Oncotic - CORRECT ANSWER-a form of osmotic pressure
exerted by proteins
In the blood, _____ is the most common plasma protein and is,
therefore, a primary determinant of oncotic pressure -
CORRECT ANSWER-albumin
_____ controls osmotic pressure in vascular system, builds
volume - CORRECT ANSWER-Albumin
One question was about the difference in children and adult
immunity - CORRECT ANSWER-Possible answer: naive T
cells
Learning check question: Which differences in immunity make
children and older adult patients more susceptible to infections?
Choose 2 answers
Younger patients have fewer memory cells to combat infection
Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T
cells
Older adult patients have more memory cells to combat
infection
,Younger patients have a large population of naive T cells
Older adult patients have a large population of naive T cells -
CORRECT ANSWER-Younger patients have fewer memory
cells to combat infection
Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T
cells
Rationale: younger patients have not been exposed to many
pathogens, which means that they have fewer memory cells
than adults. The primary immune response is relatively weak
compared to a secondary response mediated by memory cells.
Older adult patients do not have as many T cells compared to
younger patients. When these patients encounter novel
pathogens, the reduced number of naive T cells gives clonal
selection fewer opportunities to "find" T cells that will be
effective.
Fluid and electrolyte levels are regulated by _______, which
regulates actions such as thirst, ADH, the kidneys, and RAAS. -
CORRECT ANSWER-osmoreceptors
Fluid deficit causes - CORRECT ANSWER--Excessive loss
-Inadequate intake
-Or combination of both
Fluid deficit risk factors - CORRECT ANSWER--
Vomiting/diarrhea
-Excessive sweating
-Insufficient water intake
Fluid deficit manifestations - CORRECT ANSWER--dry mucous
membranes
-decreased skin turgor
,-decreased urine output
-low blood pressure
-tachycardia
-confusion
ROME for ABGs - CORRECT ANSWER-Respiratory Opposite
Metabolic Equal
If pH and pCO2 are moving in opposite directions, then it is
pCO2 levels that are causing the imbalance and it is respiratory
in nature
If they are moving the same direction then it is metabolic in
nature
Buffers, renal compensation, and respiratory compensation
help to maintain a blood pH of _______ - CORRECT
ANSWER-7.35-7.45
A patient with a viral illness and severe vomiting has an
elevated CO2 level and a blood pH of 7.53. She is breathing
slowly. What condition does the patient have?
Metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis - CORRECT ANSWER-Metabolic
alkalosis
The patient's pH and CO2 level are both elevating (moving in
the same direction). This indicates metabolic alkalosis. The
CO2 level is high because her respiratory system is attempting
to compensate for the high pH by exhaling less and retaining
more CO2
To prevent changes in pH, the body employs buffer systems.
The body utilizes 3 buffer systems: - CORRECT ANSWER-
, proteins, phosphates, and the carbonic acid-bicarbonate
system
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system first line of defense is _____,
second line of defense is _____ - CORRECT ANSWER-
respirations; kidneys
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system equation - CORRECT
ANSWER-The equation moves in both directions
CABS Equation:
When CO2 levels are elevated, the equation moves ________,
forming more H+ and HCO3- ions - CORRECT ANSWER-
toward the right
CABS Equation:
When H+ ions are elevated, the equation moves _____, as H+
ions are converted to CO2 and the CO2 is exhaled. -
CORRECT ANSWER-toward the left
CO2 levels - CORRECT ANSWER-35-45
HCO3 levels - CORRECT ANSWER-22-26
Michael's pulmonary edema leads to respiratory acidosis. How
does pH impact Michael's basal metabolic panel? Choose 3
answers.
His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have difficulty
removing it from the bloodstream.
His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an
attempt to get it out of the bloodstream, K+ moves from cells
into the bloodstream.
His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.
