Possible Signs of Pregnancy - ANSWER Amenorrhea, N&V, fatigue,
breast changes, frequent urination
Probable Signs of Pregnancy - ANSWER 4-12 weeks: presence of hCG
in blood
6-12 weeks: presence of hCG in urine
8+ weeks: uterine growth
16 weeks: Braxton Hicks
Positive Signs of Pregnancy - ANSWER 6+ weeks: Visually see fetus on
ultrasound
20-24 weeks: Fetal heart sounds by fetal stethoscope
22+ weeks: Fetal movements felt by the practitioner
Late Pregnancy: Fetal movements visible
The normal length of pregnancy - ANSWER 40 weeks
FSH in pregnancy - ANSWER Low levels due to high levels of estrogen
and progesterone
hCG levels in pregnancy - ANSWER Peak in first trimester and then
drop off
Estrogen levels in pregnancy - ANSWER Increase during pregnancy
Progesterone levels in pregnancy - ANSWER Increase during
pregnancy
LH in pregnancy - ANSWER Low levels due to high levels of estrogen
and progesterone
Prolactin in pregnancy - ANSWER Increases
, Pituitary growth hormone in pregnancy - ANSWER Levels fall but overall
serum levels increase due to placental production
Oxytocin levels in pregnancys - ANSWER Increase and peak at term
TSH in pregnancy - ANSWER Production stimulated after first trimester
(in healthy individuals not normally significant)
Cortisol levels in pregnancy - ANSWER
Gestational diabetes - ANSWER A pregnant person can get diabetes
when her pancreas cannot make enough insulin to keep their blood
sugar levels within a target range.
Cardiovascular changes in pregnancy - ANSWER Peripheral
vasodilation, cardiac output increases, increased stroke volume, may be
third heart sound after mid pregnancy, systolic flow murmurs are
common
Respiratory changes in pregnancy - ANSWER Tidal volume increases
(increasing vital capacity and decreasing residual volume), increased
oxygen consumption, possible SOB
GI system changes in pregnancy - ANSWER N&V, appetite increases,
heartburn, constipation, gallbladder may dilate and empty less
completely
Urinary changes in pregnancy - ANSWER Renal blood flow increases.
Possible glycosuria/proteinuria. Water retention increases. Residual
urine increases. Risk for UTIs increases
Haematological changes in pregnancy - ANSWER Plasma volume
increases. RBCs increase. Demand for iron increases. Clotting
factors/fibrinogen increase. Serum albumin decreases.
Metabolic changes in pregnancy - ANSWER Basal metabolic rate
increases slowly. Active energy expenditure falls. Weight gain (normal
11.4-15.9kg).
breast changes, frequent urination
Probable Signs of Pregnancy - ANSWER 4-12 weeks: presence of hCG
in blood
6-12 weeks: presence of hCG in urine
8+ weeks: uterine growth
16 weeks: Braxton Hicks
Positive Signs of Pregnancy - ANSWER 6+ weeks: Visually see fetus on
ultrasound
20-24 weeks: Fetal heart sounds by fetal stethoscope
22+ weeks: Fetal movements felt by the practitioner
Late Pregnancy: Fetal movements visible
The normal length of pregnancy - ANSWER 40 weeks
FSH in pregnancy - ANSWER Low levels due to high levels of estrogen
and progesterone
hCG levels in pregnancy - ANSWER Peak in first trimester and then
drop off
Estrogen levels in pregnancy - ANSWER Increase during pregnancy
Progesterone levels in pregnancy - ANSWER Increase during
pregnancy
LH in pregnancy - ANSWER Low levels due to high levels of estrogen
and progesterone
Prolactin in pregnancy - ANSWER Increases
, Pituitary growth hormone in pregnancy - ANSWER Levels fall but overall
serum levels increase due to placental production
Oxytocin levels in pregnancys - ANSWER Increase and peak at term
TSH in pregnancy - ANSWER Production stimulated after first trimester
(in healthy individuals not normally significant)
Cortisol levels in pregnancy - ANSWER
Gestational diabetes - ANSWER A pregnant person can get diabetes
when her pancreas cannot make enough insulin to keep their blood
sugar levels within a target range.
Cardiovascular changes in pregnancy - ANSWER Peripheral
vasodilation, cardiac output increases, increased stroke volume, may be
third heart sound after mid pregnancy, systolic flow murmurs are
common
Respiratory changes in pregnancy - ANSWER Tidal volume increases
(increasing vital capacity and decreasing residual volume), increased
oxygen consumption, possible SOB
GI system changes in pregnancy - ANSWER N&V, appetite increases,
heartburn, constipation, gallbladder may dilate and empty less
completely
Urinary changes in pregnancy - ANSWER Renal blood flow increases.
Possible glycosuria/proteinuria. Water retention increases. Residual
urine increases. Risk for UTIs increases
Haematological changes in pregnancy - ANSWER Plasma volume
increases. RBCs increase. Demand for iron increases. Clotting
factors/fibrinogen increase. Serum albumin decreases.
Metabolic changes in pregnancy - ANSWER Basal metabolic rate
increases slowly. Active energy expenditure falls. Weight gain (normal
11.4-15.9kg).
