Exam 4: NUR 210/ NUR210 (Latest 2023/ 2024) Principles of Pharmacology Exam| Questions and
Verified Answers| Grade A| Galen
drug response - ANSWER-the intensity of the drug response is directly related to the concentration of
the drug at the SITE OF ACTION
Goal is to:
- maximize the beneficial effects- concentration high enough for desired response
- minimize harm- avoid to high a concentration
Three phases of drug action - ANSWER-1. pharmaceutic phase (dissolution)
2. pharmacokinetic phase (drug moving through the body)
3. pharmacodynamic phase (what the drug does to the body)
1. pharmaceutic phase - ANSWER-the drug goes into solution
- Dissolution: the process by which a drug goes into solution and becomes available for absorption
- must be dissolved before it can be absorbed
- most absorption takes place in the small intestine
2. pharmacokinetic phase: four processes - ANSWER-"what the BODY does to the drug"
- absorption
- distribution
- metabolism/ biotransformation
- exertion
pharmacokinetic phase: Absorption - ANSWER-(small intestine) the movement of a drug from its site of
administration into the blood
pharmacokinetic phase: Distribution - ANSWER-drug moves from blood --> cell membrane
pharmacokinetic phase: Metabolism/biotransformation - ANSWER-lipid soluble metabolite (liver) --> a
water soluble metabolite
pharmacokinetic phase: Excretion - ANSWER-water soluble metabolite (kidneys)
liver - ANSWER-breaks down the drug
kidneys - ANSWER-excretes the drug
Pharmacokinetic phase movement process - ANSWER-orally --> stomach --> SI --> bloodstream --> site of
action --> liver (broken down) --> kidneys (excreted)
, IV --> bloodstream --> cite of action --> liver --> kidneys
drugs crossing the cell membranes phospholipid cell layer - ANSWER--drugs must be LIPID SOLUBLE in
order to pass through the membrane
- WATER SOLUBLE drugs penetrate the cell membrane through channels and pores
Absorption
1. direct penetration of the membranes
2. channels and pores
3. transport systems - ANSWER-the movement of a drug from its site of administration to the blood
How do drugs cross membranes?
1. Direct penetration of the membranes - ANSWER-- use by MOST drugs
- most drugs to large to pass thru channels and pores
- most drugs lack transport systems
- drugs must be lipid soluble to be able to penetrate cellular membranes = lipophilic drugs
2. channels and pores - ANSWER-only very small ions such as potassium and sodium can pass through
cell membranes
3. transport systems - ANSWER-- are carriers that can move drugs from one side of the membrane to the
other
- are selective
Movement of drugs across membranes - ANSWER--drugs must cross membranes (pass through cells) to
enter the blood from their site of administration
- drugs must then leave the blood (vascular systems) to get to their SITE OF ACTION
- drugs must then cross membranes again to be metabolized and excreted
pharmacokinetic phase: Absorption - ANSWER-process that occurs between the time a drug enters the
body and the time it enters the bloodstream to be circulated
- Rate of absorption -> depends on the formulation of drug (tablet, liquid, etc.)
Verified Answers| Grade A| Galen
drug response - ANSWER-the intensity of the drug response is directly related to the concentration of
the drug at the SITE OF ACTION
Goal is to:
- maximize the beneficial effects- concentration high enough for desired response
- minimize harm- avoid to high a concentration
Three phases of drug action - ANSWER-1. pharmaceutic phase (dissolution)
2. pharmacokinetic phase (drug moving through the body)
3. pharmacodynamic phase (what the drug does to the body)
1. pharmaceutic phase - ANSWER-the drug goes into solution
- Dissolution: the process by which a drug goes into solution and becomes available for absorption
- must be dissolved before it can be absorbed
- most absorption takes place in the small intestine
2. pharmacokinetic phase: four processes - ANSWER-"what the BODY does to the drug"
- absorption
- distribution
- metabolism/ biotransformation
- exertion
pharmacokinetic phase: Absorption - ANSWER-(small intestine) the movement of a drug from its site of
administration into the blood
pharmacokinetic phase: Distribution - ANSWER-drug moves from blood --> cell membrane
pharmacokinetic phase: Metabolism/biotransformation - ANSWER-lipid soluble metabolite (liver) --> a
water soluble metabolite
pharmacokinetic phase: Excretion - ANSWER-water soluble metabolite (kidneys)
liver - ANSWER-breaks down the drug
kidneys - ANSWER-excretes the drug
Pharmacokinetic phase movement process - ANSWER-orally --> stomach --> SI --> bloodstream --> site of
action --> liver (broken down) --> kidneys (excreted)
, IV --> bloodstream --> cite of action --> liver --> kidneys
drugs crossing the cell membranes phospholipid cell layer - ANSWER--drugs must be LIPID SOLUBLE in
order to pass through the membrane
- WATER SOLUBLE drugs penetrate the cell membrane through channels and pores
Absorption
1. direct penetration of the membranes
2. channels and pores
3. transport systems - ANSWER-the movement of a drug from its site of administration to the blood
How do drugs cross membranes?
1. Direct penetration of the membranes - ANSWER-- use by MOST drugs
- most drugs to large to pass thru channels and pores
- most drugs lack transport systems
- drugs must be lipid soluble to be able to penetrate cellular membranes = lipophilic drugs
2. channels and pores - ANSWER-only very small ions such as potassium and sodium can pass through
cell membranes
3. transport systems - ANSWER-- are carriers that can move drugs from one side of the membrane to the
other
- are selective
Movement of drugs across membranes - ANSWER--drugs must cross membranes (pass through cells) to
enter the blood from their site of administration
- drugs must then leave the blood (vascular systems) to get to their SITE OF ACTION
- drugs must then cross membranes again to be metabolized and excreted
pharmacokinetic phase: Absorption - ANSWER-process that occurs between the time a drug enters the
body and the time it enters the bloodstream to be circulated
- Rate of absorption -> depends on the formulation of drug (tablet, liquid, etc.)
