Test Bank for Comprehensive Radiographic Pathology 7th Edition by Eisenberg

Test Bank for Comprehensive Radiographic Pathology 7th Edition by Eisenberg Chapter 01: Introduction to Pathology Eisenberg: Comprehensive Radiographic Pathology, 7th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A disease process caused by physicians or their treatment is: a. idiopathic. b. iatrogenic. c. neoplasia. d. community acquired. ANS: B A disease process caused by physicians or their treatment is iatrogenic. 2. A basic reaction of the body to some form of injury is a: a. disease process. b. pathology. c. study of diseases. d. idiopathic process. ANS: A A disease is the pattern of the body’s response to some form of injury. 3. What term is used to denote a disease in which the underlying cause is unknown? a. Idiopathic b. Antietiologic c. Iatrogenic d. Nosocomial ANS: A Idiopathic diseases are those with an unknown, or as of yet unidentified, cause. 4. Alterations of cell growth, specifically an abnormal proliferation of cells, is called: a. hyperplasia. b. dysplasia. c. neoplasia. d. aplasia. ANS: C Alterations in cell growth lead to the development of neoplasms (tumors). 5. The initial response of body tissues to local injury is: a. infection. b. ischemia. c. edema. d. inflammation. ANS: D Inflammation is the initial response of body tissues to local injury. 6. Heat and redness associated with inflammation is produced by: a. hyperemia. b. scar tissue. c. hyperplasia. d. infarction. ANS: A Hyperemia produces the heat and redness associated with inflammation. 7. In an injury, the destroyed tissue is replaced with: a. granulomatous inflammation. b. granulation tissue. c. phagocytes. d. pyogens. ANS: B A fibrous scar replaces the area of destroyed tissue with granulation tissue. Granulation tissue refers to a combination of young, developing capillaries and actively proliferating fibroblasts, which produce connective tissue fibers (collagen) that replace the dead tissue. 8. Of the five clinical signs of acute inflammation, the medical term for swelling is: a. edema. b. tumor. c. calor. d. dolor. ANS: B The five clinical signs of acute inflammation are rubor (redness), calor (heat), tumor (swelling), dolor (pain), and loss of function. 9. Some bacterial organisms produce substances that cause damage to the tissue and incite the inflammatory process known as: a. toxoids. b. pyogens. c. toxins. d. abscesses. ANS: C Some bacterial organisms (such as staphylococci and streptococci) produce toxins that damage the tissues and incite an inflammatory response. 10. Chronic inflammation in a localized area, which often has centralized necrosis, is called: a. an exudate. b. a granuloma. c. an abscess. d. hyperplasia. ANS: B A granuloma is a localized area of chronic inflammation, often with central necrosis. 11. In acute inflammation, the localized heat and redness are a result of the: a. migration of circulating white blood cells. b. increased blood flow and vascular permeability. c. regeneration of normal parenchymal cells. d. enzymatic digestion of dead cells. ANS: B The localized heat and redness result from increased blood flow in the microcirculation at the site of injury. 12. In pyogenic infections, the body responds by producing a thick, yellow fluid called: a. bacteria. b. pus. c. edema. d. a scar. ANS: B The presence of pyogenic bacteria leads to the production of a thick, yellow fluid called pus, which contains dead white blood cells, inflammatory exudates, and bacteria. 13. All pyogens have the ability to enter the blood circulation causing: a. bacteremia. b. phagocytosis. c. septicemia. d. keloid tissue. ANS: A All pyogens, wherever they become implanted, have the ability to invade blood vessels to produce bacteremia, with the potential involvement of other organs and tissues in the body. 14. Connective tissue fibers replacing dead tissue and then contracting in the abdomen are known as: a. keloids. b. suppurative inflammation. c. fibrous adhesions. d. hyperemia. ANS: C Eventually the strong connective tissue contracts to produce a fibrous scar. In the abdomen, such fibrous adhesions can narrow loops of intestine and result in an obstruction. 15. An accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue throughout the body is called: a. bacteremia. b. elephantiasis. c. filariasis. d. anasarca. ANS: D Generalized edema occurs with pronounced swelling of subcutaneous tissues throughout the body (anasarca). 16. Localized is produced in an inflammatory reaction as a result of a fluid accumulation. a. filariasis b. edema c. elephantiasis d. fibrous adhesions ANS: B Edema is the accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces or body cavities. Localized edema results from an inflammatory reaction. 17. An inflammation associated with pus formation is: a. bacteremia. b. phagocytosis. c. suppurative. d. hyperemia. ANS: C Suppurative inflammation is associated with pus formation. 18. The protein-rich fluid associated with swelling in an inflammatory process is: a. exudate. b. transudate. c. pus. d. permeable. ANS: A The inflammatory exudate in the tissues results in the swelling associated with inflammation. The protein- rich exudate of inflammation must be differentiated from a transudate, a lowprotein fluid, such as that seen in the pulmonary edema that develops in congestive heart failure. 19. The low-protein fluid associated with the inflammatory process as seen in pulmonary edema is called: a. an abscess. b. exudate. c. transudate. d. filariasis. ANS: C The protein-rich exudate of inflammation must be differentiated from a transudate, a lowprotein fluid, such as that seen in the pulmonary edema that develops in congestive heart failure. 20. A localized area of ischemic necrosis within a tissue or organ produced by vascular occlusion is a(n): a. gangrene. b. infarct. c. purpura. d. ecchymosis. ANS: B An infarct is a localized area of ischemic necrosis within a tissue or organ produced by occlusion of either its arterial supply or its venous drainage. 21. Depriving tissues of oxygen and nutrients caused by an arterial vessel narrowing is referred to as: a. ischemia. b. petechiae. c. filariasis. d. gangrene. ANS: A Ischemia refers to an interference with the blood supply to an organ or part of an organ, depriving the organ’s cells and tissues of oxygen and nutrients. 22. The progression of a loss of oxygen and nutrients resulting in tissue necrosis, especially in the diabetic’s foot, is called: a. infarction. b. gangrene. c. ischemia. d. hemorrhage. ANS: B Severe arterial disease of the lower extremities may result in necrosis of several toes or a large segment of the foot, a condition called gangrene. A frequent symptom in diabetic patients is ischemia of the foot, which may progress to infarction and result in gangrene. 23. A subcutaneous hematoma greater than 1 to 2 cm is called a(n): a. purpura. b. ecchymosis. c. petechia. d. infarct. ANS: B A large (1 to 2 cm) subcutaneous hematoma, or bruise, is called an ecchymosis. 24. An accumulation of blood trapped within the body tissues is known as a(an): a. hematoma. b. ecchymosis. c. petechiae. d. pleural effusion. ANS: A Blood may be trapped within body tissues resulting in an accumulation called a hematoma. 25. Bleeding into mucous membranes or serosal surfaces is referred to as: a. petechiae. b. hemorrhage. c. purpura. d. ecchymosis. ANS: A Minimal hemorrhages into the skin, mucous membranes, or serosal surfaces are called petechiae. 26. The volume of blood loss, the rate of blood loss, and the site of blood loss will determine the: a. patient status. b. clinical significance. c. treatment required. d. patient status, clinical significance and treatment required. ANS: D The significance of hemorrhage depends on the volume of blood loss, the rate of blood loss, and the site of the hemorrhage. Sudden losses of up to 20% of the blood volume or slow losses of even larger amounts may have little clinical significance. 27. When a reduction in the size or number of cells in an organ occurs, this results in: a. aplasia. b. atrophy. c. hypoplasia. d. dysplasia. ANS: B Atrophy refers to a reduction in the size or number of cells in an organ or tissue. 28. When cells fail to develop and as a result the organ is small, the organ is considered: a. hypoplastic. b. dysplastic. c. hyperplastic. d. anaplastic. ANS: A Failure of normal development accounts for small size in hypoplasia and aplasia. 29. Which term is used to describe an increase in the size of an organ or tissue in response to an increase in function? a. Neoplastic b. Hypotrophy c. Hyperplasia d. Hypertrophy ANS: D Hypertrophy refers to an increase in the size of the cells of a tissue or organ in response to a demand for increased function. 30. The proliferation of granulation tissue to repair an injury is an example of: a. hypertrophy. b. anaplasia. c. hyperplasia. d. dysplasia. ANS: C Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ. Proliferation of granulation tissue in the repair of injury is an example. 31. The Latin word for “new growth” is: a. tumor. b. seeding. c. neoplasia. d. ecchymosis. ANS: C Neoplasia, from the Latin word for new growth, refers to an abnormal proliferation of cells that are no longer controlled by the factors that govern the growth of normal cells. 32. New growths that invade and destroy adjacent structures and have the ability to spread are considered: a. neoplastic. b. benign. c. cachexia. d. malignant. ANS: D Malignant neoplasms invade and destroy adjacent structures and spread to distant sites (metastasize). 33. A polyp is a: a. projecting mass from an inner mucous membrane. b. malignant epithelial neoplasm. c. benign cartilaginous tumor. d. cancer. ANS: A An epithelial tumor that grows as a projecting mass on the skin or from an inner mucous membrane (such as the gastrointestinal tract) is termed a papilloma or a polyp. 34. A malignancy of glandular tissue, such as breast or liver, is referred to as a(n): a. adenoma. b. adenocarcinoma. c. cystadenoma. d. dysplasia. ANS: B Adenocarcinoma refers to malignancies of glandular tissues, such as the breast, liver, and pancreas, and of the cells lining the gastrointestinal tract. 35. The term derived from the Latin term for “crab” is: a. benign. b. oncology. c. neoplasia. d. cancer. ANS: D Malignant neoplasms of epithelial cell origin are called carcinomas, from the Greek word karbinos, meaning “crab.” 36. The study of neoplasms or tumors is called: a. pathology. b. radiology. c. oncology.