AMSCO APUSH Chapter 1-15 Study Guide with Complete Solutions

AMSCO APUSH Chapter 1-15 Study Guide with Complete Solutions American Indian Societies 1491 - Answer️️ -Some time between 10,000 and 40,000 years ago, people may have migrated from Asia to the Americas, across a land bridge that connected Siberia and Alaska. Over a long period of time, successive generations migrated southward to the southern tip of South America. They evolved to hundreds of tribes, spoke different languages, and practiced different cultures. In the 1490s it is estimated that the Native American population was from 50 million to 100 million people. European incentives for exploring and settling of America - Answer️️ -In the 15th century (1400s) there were three primary motives for Europeans to explore and settle America were political, economic, and religious. Political: In the 15th century Europe was changing politically. Nation states were forming, where the majority of people shared a common culture and a common loyalty toward a central government. The monarchs of these countries such as Spain, Portugal, France, England, and the Netherlands depended on trade to bring in needed revenue and they wanted to expand trade. Economic: In the past merchants had traveled a long, slow, and expensive land route to Asia. In 1453, this route was blocked when the Ottoman Turks seized control of Constantinople. In order to find a route to the rich Asian market, European nations funded exploration by sea. In 1492, Spain financed Christopher Columbus who sailed across the Atlantic in search of a route to Asia. He landed on an island in the Bahamas. ©SOPHIABENNETT 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR 7:59 PM Page | 2 Religious: In the early 1500s, many Christians in northern European countries had revolted against the Roman Catholic church, in the Protestant Reformation. The conflict between the Catholics and the Protestants caused them to want to spread their version of Christianity to other parts of the world. Columbian Exchange - Answer️️ -The Europeans and the original inhabitants of the Americas had developed vastly different cultures over thousands of years. This term refers to the transfer of plants, animals and germs from one side of the Atlantic to the other for the first time. Europe received beans, corn, potatoes tomatoes, and tobacco. America received sugar cane, bluegrasses, pigs, horses, the wheel, iron implements, guns, and most importantly diseases. triangular trade - Answer️️ -In the 17th century New England merchant ships would follow a triangle route. Starting from a New England port they would carry rum across the Atlantic to West African. There the rum would be traded for hundreds of African slaves. Next, the ship would sale to the West Indies (Caribbean), trade the slaves, and take on a cargo of sugar cane. The last part of the journey, they would return to a New England port and sell the sugarcane, which was used to make rum. Middle Passage - Answer️️ -Voyage from West Africa to the West Indies. It was miserable for the slaves transported and many died. mercantilism - Answer️️ -In the 17th century (1600s) most European kingdoms adopted the economic policy of mercantilism. Under mercantilism, colonies were to provide raw materials to the parent country for the growth and profit of the parent countries industries. Colonies existed only to enrich the parent country. Spain and ©SOPHIABENNETT 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR 7:59 PM Page | 3 France had applied mercantilistic policies with their colonies from the beginning, but England began to apply mercantilistic policies in the mid 17th century. Jamestown (cooperation, conflict, identity, leaders, failures, success, reasons for settling) - Answer️️ -In 1607, the first permanent English colony in America was founded at this location. The Virginia Company, was a a joint-stock company chartered by England's King James I. The settlement was located in a swampy area which resulted in fatal outbreaks of malaria and dysentery. Many of the settlers were not accustomed to farming and hunting. Trade with the American Indians was important to the settlement and conflicts would halt trade and settlers went hungry. By 1624, the Virginia colony was near collapse, so King James I took direct control and turned it into England's first royal colony. indentured servitude - Answer️️ -Young people from England under contract with a master who paid for their passage. Worked for a specified period for room and board, then they were free. Plymouth Colony (cooperation, conflict, identity) - Answer️️ -This colony was started by the Pilgrims at Plymouth (Massachusetts). Originally known as Separatists, they wanted to organize a church separate from the Church of England. Several hundred of them left England and moved to Holland. In Holland they experienced economic hardship and cultural differences. In 1620, they sailed aboard the Mayflower to Plymouth. In the first winter nearly half of them perished. They were eventually helped by friendly American Indians and celebrated the first Thanksgiving in 1621. Massachusetts Bay Colony (cooperation, conflict, identity, leaders, failures, success, reasons for settling) - Answer️️ -In 1630, John Winthrop led about a thousand Puritans ©SOPHIABENNETT 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR 7:59 PM Page | 4 to America to found Boston and other towns, as the Massachusetts Bay Company, a royal charter colony. They were called Puritans because they were moderated dissenters, that believed the Church of England should be purified. They originally came to America for religious freedom. However, in the 1630s, a civil war in England drove nearly 15,000 settlers to the Massachusetts Bay Colony, in the Great Migration. Bacon's Rebellion - Answer️️ -In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon led a group of army volunteers that raided Native American villages, fought the Virginia governor's forces, and set fire to Jamestown. The rebellion lost momentum when Bacon died of dysentery. The rebellion occurred because the royal governor of Virginia (Sir William Berkeley) failed to protect the small farmers on Virginia's western frontier from Native American attacks. King Philip's War - Answer️️ -From 1675 to 1676, the American Indian chief Metacom (King Philip), waged a vicious war against the English settlers in southern New England. African American slavery in the Colonies - Answer️️ -The first slaves arrived in the colonies in 1619. They were not slaves for life, but worked for a period of time, like an indentured servant. Then discriminatory laws were passed, slaves and their offspring were kept in permanent bondage. Anne Hutchinson - Answer️️ -This Puritan believed in antinomianism, the idea that faith alone, not deeds is necessary for salvation. She was banished from the Bay colony because of her beliefs. In 1638, she founded the colony of Portsmouth. Roger Williams - Answer️️ -In 1636, he founded the settlement of Providence. He was a respected Puritan minister who believed that the individual's conscience was beyond ©SOPHIABENNETT 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR 7:59 PM Page | 5 the control of any civil or church authority. He was banished from the Bay colony for his beliefs. Great Awakening: George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards - Answer️️ -This religious movement was at its peak in the 1730s and 1740s. It was characterized by fervent expressions of religious feeling among masses of people. The movement had a democratizing effect by changing the way people viewed authority. Common people were encouraged to make their own religious decisions without relying on higher authority. A few decades in the future the colonists would why the king and royal governors should hold all political authority. George Whitefield spread the Great Awakening throughout the colonies, sometimes attracting crowds of 10,000 people. His sermons stressed that God was all powerful and would save only those who openly professed belief in Jesus Christ. Jonathan Edwards argued that God was rightfully angry with human sinfulness. Those who repented could be saved by God's grace, but those who did not would suffer eternal damnation. Quakers - Answer️️ -Religious Society of Friends, commonly known as Quakers. They believed in the equality of men and women, nonviolence, and resistance to military service. They believed that religious authority was found within each person's soul and not in the Bible or any outside source. William Penn - Answer️️ -In 1861, the royal family paid a large debt by granting his family a large parcel of American land. This Quaker, formed a colony that he named Pennsylvania. ©SOPHIABENNETT 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR 7:59 PM Page | 6 salutary neglect - Answer️️ -Great Britain had exercised little direct control over the colonies and did not enforce its navigation laws. This changed after the French and Indian War, as the British adopted more forceful policies for taking control of the colonies. Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) - Answer️️ -This war was fought in the colonies from 1754 to 1763, between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio River Valley area. The English won the war and the Peace of Paris was negotiated in 1763. Thomas Paine; Common Sense - Answer️️ -In January 1776, Thomas Paine wrote this pamphlet that argued in clear and forceful language that the colo