Portage BIOD 101 Module Outcomes Final Exam Review

Module 1 Identify the major elements and bonding relationships that make up matter. - Ionic Bonds= are generated based on the attraction between oppositely charged particles. Covalent Bonds= occurs when electrons are shared by two atoms to complete the valence shells of both. In general, covalent bonds exist between two non-metals. Hydrogen Bonds=relatively weak bond Module 1 Describe the structure and function of the four main types of organic compounds that make up biomacromolecules. (Carb,lipid,proteins,nucelic acids) - Carbohydrate= commonly referred to as sugars, are the primary source of fuel. Structure (C,H,O), H-0 always 2:1 Lipid= Insoluble in water (made of non-polar hydrocarbons), NOT MONOMERS (assembled from smaller molecules), Ex. Fats,oils,steiroids. (trigylcerides most abundant) Phospholipids have a polar head (like water hydrophilic) and non-polar tail (repel water hydrophobic). Steroids -are a type of lipid made up of four, fused carbon rings with attached functional groups, often containing an alcohol Proteins=are constructed from monomers called amino acids. (1) Proteins can act as enzymes and regulate metabolic functions, (2) store amino acids, (3) act as hormones (4) form antibodies for immunological defense (5) act as carriers for transport and also form membrane channels, (6) form cell surface receptors to receive chemical messages and (7) act as structural molecules for support and movement. Some functions of proteins are to make many needed protective tissues such as skin, hair, and fingernails. Proteins also form enzymes (catalysts that speed up chemical reactions) and are used to make needed substances such as hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in red blood cells. Nucleic acids-molecules that carry genetic information within the cell. DNA- contains a vast amount of hereditary information and is responsible for the inheritable characteristics of living organisms. (Adenine,guanine,cytosine,thymine) RNA- is responsible for deciphering the hereditary information in DNA and using it to synthesize proteins. (has URACIL instead of thymine) Proteins Continued - Amino acids that must be obtained from foods in the diet are called essential amino acids; non-essential amino acids can be manufactured by the human body. Peptide bonds- are covalent bonds that hold amino acids together to form proteins. A long chain of amino acids is therefore called a polypeptide. Primary structure. -his is the order in which the amino acid monomer units are arranged in a linear polypeptide chain. Secondary structure. -There are two repeating patterns that may occur in a polypeptide chain. Tertiary structure.-This is the overall three-dimensional shape assumed by each individual polypeptide chain. Quaternary structure. -Formation occurs when two or more polypeptide chains interact. Module 1 Compare and contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. - Prokaryotic-Smaller, has no Nucleus, No membrane-bound organelles (bacteria cells) Eukaryotic- More complex, have a nucleus, contain membrane bound organelles Module 1 Determine the roles of the major components of a cell. - Nucleus- suspended by nucleoplasm. Contains the genomic content of the cell (DNA) and serves as the control center of the cell. Ribosomes- are complexes of tiny manufacturing plants that assemble proteins. (NOT organelles) RNA + an enzyme necessary for linking amino acids together. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-ER forms a maze of tightly packed tubules that form interconnected compartments, called cisternae, within the cytoplasm. After proteins are assembled by the ribosomes, they are modified and transported by the ER (2 parts) Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)- small granular ribosomes attached.ER membrane sequesters these newly made glycoproteins from the proteins in the cytosol Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) has no attached ribosomes and is responsible for the synthesis of lipids, steroids, and phospholipids for the cell membrane.