FINAL Older Adult: Exam 3
Uncontrolled and unregulated cell growth; second most common cause of death in the U.S. - ANS
What is cancer?
•Heredity
•Age
•Gender
•Poverty
•Stress
•Diet
•Occupation
•Infection
•Tobacco/smoking
•Alcohol and Drugs
•Obesity
•Sun
**Rates higher in men and African Americans - ANS Name some cancer risk factors
Malignant
•Rarely encapsulated
•Poorly differentiated
•Can metastasize
•Can recur
•Fairly vascular
•Can infiltrate and expand
Benign
•Usually encapsulated
•Normally differentiated
•No metastasis
,•Rarely recurs
•Mildly vascular
•Growth is expansive - ANS What is the difference between malignant and benign tumors?
•C: Change in bowel or bladder habits
•A: A sore that does not heal
•U: Unusual bleeding/discharge, unexplained weight loss
•T: Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
•I: Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
•O: Obvious change in wart or mole
•N: Nagging cough or hoarseness - ANS What are the 7 warning signs of cancer? (CAUTION)
•Defective/rapid cellular growth
•Defective cellular differentiation - ANS What is the cause of cancer?
1) Initiation: when a mutation in a cell's genetic structure occurs due to inherited mutation (genetics
factors) or exposure to any carcinogen (NOT a preventable/reversible stage)
2) Promotion: reversible (modifiable risk factors; preventable)
3) Progression: metastasis can occur in this phase; sight of metastasis depends on the primary
cancer site - ANS Describe the development of cancer (3 stages). Which is reversible and not?
•Mammography: around 45-50
•Pap test: every 3 years after 21
•PSA/prostate exams: 50
•Colonoscopy: 50
•Stool Guaiac
•BSE: every month after your period
•TSE: every month in the shower
•Skin inspection - ANS Name some cancer screening methods and what age someone should be
screened for
•DO NOT SMOKE
,•Minimize ETOH intake
•Avoid excessive sun exposure (use sunscreen)
•5-6 servings of fruits/vegetables daily
•Maintain optimal weight
•Adequate rest and exercise
•Minimize exposure to carcinogens - ANS Name some lifestyle modifications for cancer prevention
•Have a regular health examination.
•Avoid stressors.
•Know seven warning signs of cancer.
•Practice recommended cancer screenings.
•Practice self-examination.
•Seek medical care if cancer is suspected. - ANS Name some habits to reduce risks of cancer
Tissue biopsy - ANS What is the only definitive diagnosis of cancer?
Stages 1-4 (established extent of disease and anticipates the natural cource) - ANS How many stages
of cancer are there? What does it establish?
Determines appearance of cells with degree of differentiation
**Undifferentiated: worse prognosis
**Well differentiated: better prognosis - ANS What does cancer grading determine?
•Stage 0: cancer in situ (contained and has not spread)
•Stage I: tumor limited to tissue of origin; localized growth
•Stage II: limited local spread
•Stage III: extensive local and regional spread (in lymph nodes)- candidates for chemo
•Stage IV: metastasis (spread to other organs/parts of the body)- moved to a distant site - ANS
Describe the 4 stages of cancer
No longer curable, but can be CONTROLLED - ANS Is stage 4 cancer curable?
, Seeding of cancer cells through blood or lymph system - ANS What is metastases?
Stage 3 - ANS Metastasis to adjacent structures is what stage?
Stage 4 - ANS Metastasis to distant tissues is what stage?
•Primary Tumor (T)
•Regional Lymph Nodes (N)
•Distant Metastasis (M)
**From 0-4
**Smaller the number = better prognosis - ANS What does the TNM classification system stand for?
-2 primary tumors
-4 regional lymph nodes
-1 distant metastasis present - ANS What does this TNM example mean?
T (2), N (4), M (1)
-Found on tumor cell surfaces, inside tumor cells, and fetal cells
-Tumor markers (indicate tumor recurrence)
-Type of oncofetal antigen
-Indicates the presence of any tumor - ANS What are carcinoembryonic antigens (CEA)? What is
another name for it?
Tumor was not completely removed - ANS If a patient has an elevated CEA after surgery, what does
this mean?
FALSE
Uncontrolled and unregulated cell growth; second most common cause of death in the U.S. - ANS
What is cancer?
•Heredity
•Age
•Gender
•Poverty
•Stress
•Diet
•Occupation
•Infection
•Tobacco/smoking
•Alcohol and Drugs
•Obesity
•Sun
**Rates higher in men and African Americans - ANS Name some cancer risk factors
Malignant
•Rarely encapsulated
•Poorly differentiated
•Can metastasize
•Can recur
•Fairly vascular
•Can infiltrate and expand
Benign
•Usually encapsulated
•Normally differentiated
•No metastasis
,•Rarely recurs
•Mildly vascular
•Growth is expansive - ANS What is the difference between malignant and benign tumors?
•C: Change in bowel or bladder habits
•A: A sore that does not heal
•U: Unusual bleeding/discharge, unexplained weight loss
•T: Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
•I: Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
•O: Obvious change in wart or mole
•N: Nagging cough or hoarseness - ANS What are the 7 warning signs of cancer? (CAUTION)
•Defective/rapid cellular growth
•Defective cellular differentiation - ANS What is the cause of cancer?
1) Initiation: when a mutation in a cell's genetic structure occurs due to inherited mutation (genetics
factors) or exposure to any carcinogen (NOT a preventable/reversible stage)
2) Promotion: reversible (modifiable risk factors; preventable)
3) Progression: metastasis can occur in this phase; sight of metastasis depends on the primary
cancer site - ANS Describe the development of cancer (3 stages). Which is reversible and not?
•Mammography: around 45-50
•Pap test: every 3 years after 21
•PSA/prostate exams: 50
•Colonoscopy: 50
•Stool Guaiac
•BSE: every month after your period
•TSE: every month in the shower
•Skin inspection - ANS Name some cancer screening methods and what age someone should be
screened for
•DO NOT SMOKE
,•Minimize ETOH intake
•Avoid excessive sun exposure (use sunscreen)
•5-6 servings of fruits/vegetables daily
•Maintain optimal weight
•Adequate rest and exercise
•Minimize exposure to carcinogens - ANS Name some lifestyle modifications for cancer prevention
•Have a regular health examination.
•Avoid stressors.
•Know seven warning signs of cancer.
•Practice recommended cancer screenings.
•Practice self-examination.
•Seek medical care if cancer is suspected. - ANS Name some habits to reduce risks of cancer
Tissue biopsy - ANS What is the only definitive diagnosis of cancer?
Stages 1-4 (established extent of disease and anticipates the natural cource) - ANS How many stages
of cancer are there? What does it establish?
Determines appearance of cells with degree of differentiation
**Undifferentiated: worse prognosis
**Well differentiated: better prognosis - ANS What does cancer grading determine?
•Stage 0: cancer in situ (contained and has not spread)
•Stage I: tumor limited to tissue of origin; localized growth
•Stage II: limited local spread
•Stage III: extensive local and regional spread (in lymph nodes)- candidates for chemo
•Stage IV: metastasis (spread to other organs/parts of the body)- moved to a distant site - ANS
Describe the 4 stages of cancer
No longer curable, but can be CONTROLLED - ANS Is stage 4 cancer curable?
, Seeding of cancer cells through blood or lymph system - ANS What is metastases?
Stage 3 - ANS Metastasis to adjacent structures is what stage?
Stage 4 - ANS Metastasis to distant tissues is what stage?
•Primary Tumor (T)
•Regional Lymph Nodes (N)
•Distant Metastasis (M)
**From 0-4
**Smaller the number = better prognosis - ANS What does the TNM classification system stand for?
-2 primary tumors
-4 regional lymph nodes
-1 distant metastasis present - ANS What does this TNM example mean?
T (2), N (4), M (1)
-Found on tumor cell surfaces, inside tumor cells, and fetal cells
-Tumor markers (indicate tumor recurrence)
-Type of oncofetal antigen
-Indicates the presence of any tumor - ANS What are carcinoembryonic antigens (CEA)? What is
another name for it?
Tumor was not completely removed - ANS If a patient has an elevated CEA after surgery, what does
this mean?
FALSE
