1 | P a g e | © copyright 2024/2025 | Grade A+
Nur 228 Upper Gastrointestinal Questions
& 100% Correct Answers
Which cells secrete HCl (hydrochloric acid) in the stomach to help with
digestion?
✓ ~~> parietal cells
esophageal disorders
✓ ~~> -GERD
-Hiatal hernia
inflammatory disorders of the stomach
✓ ~~> -gastritis
-acute gastroenteritis
-PUD
dysphagia
✓ ~~> difficulty swallowing that begins with solids and progresses to
liquids
mechanical obstruction
Master01 | September, 2024/2025 | Latest update
, 2 | P a g e | © copyright 2024/2025 | Grade A+
✓ ~~> -stenosis or stricture
-diverticula
-tumor
neuromuscular dysfunction
✓ ~~> -CVA
-achalasia
achalasia
✓ ~~> lower esophageal sphincter doesn't open properly
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
✓ ~~> backflow from the stomach into the esophagus
-occurs via the lower esophageal sphincter
-highly acidic material
what can GERD result in?
✓ ~~> -inflammation
-pain
-complications: ulceration, scarring, strictures, Barrett esophagus
Master01 | September, 2024/2025 | Latest update
, 3 | P a g e | © copyright 2024/2025 | Grade A+
etiology of GERD
✓ ~~> anything that alters closure strength of LES or incerases abdominal
pressure
examples of anything that alters closure strength of LES or increases
abdominal pressure
✓ ~~> -fatty foods
-caffeine
-large amounts of alcohol
-cigarette smoking
-sleeping position
-obesity
-pregnancy
-pharmacologic agents
clinical manifestations of GERD
✓ ~~> -heartburn
-dyspepsia
-regurgitation
Master01 | September, 2024/2025 | Latest update
Nur 228 Upper Gastrointestinal Questions
& 100% Correct Answers
Which cells secrete HCl (hydrochloric acid) in the stomach to help with
digestion?
✓ ~~> parietal cells
esophageal disorders
✓ ~~> -GERD
-Hiatal hernia
inflammatory disorders of the stomach
✓ ~~> -gastritis
-acute gastroenteritis
-PUD
dysphagia
✓ ~~> difficulty swallowing that begins with solids and progresses to
liquids
mechanical obstruction
Master01 | September, 2024/2025 | Latest update
, 2 | P a g e | © copyright 2024/2025 | Grade A+
✓ ~~> -stenosis or stricture
-diverticula
-tumor
neuromuscular dysfunction
✓ ~~> -CVA
-achalasia
achalasia
✓ ~~> lower esophageal sphincter doesn't open properly
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
✓ ~~> backflow from the stomach into the esophagus
-occurs via the lower esophageal sphincter
-highly acidic material
what can GERD result in?
✓ ~~> -inflammation
-pain
-complications: ulceration, scarring, strictures, Barrett esophagus
Master01 | September, 2024/2025 | Latest update
, 3 | P a g e | © copyright 2024/2025 | Grade A+
etiology of GERD
✓ ~~> anything that alters closure strength of LES or incerases abdominal
pressure
examples of anything that alters closure strength of LES or increases
abdominal pressure
✓ ~~> -fatty foods
-caffeine
-large amounts of alcohol
-cigarette smoking
-sleeping position
-obesity
-pregnancy
-pharmacologic agents
clinical manifestations of GERD
✓ ~~> -heartburn
-dyspepsia
-regurgitation
Master01 | September, 2024/2025 | Latest update
