Infection Control Final Exam/149
Questions and Answers/100% Scores
Willoughby D. Miller (US) - -"Father of Microbiology"
-Semmelweis (Vienna) & Holmes (US) - -First to recognize the importance of
handwashing
-Louis Pasteur & John Tyndall - -Pasteur is the father of immunology
Pasteurization
Heating fluid to kill bacteria
Still used today
-Lord Joseph Lister - -Demonstrated that hand washing, boiling instruments,
washing linens and sprayed the air with phenol near surgical sites
First attempt at sterile and aseptic technique
-Edward Jenner - -Credited with recognizing the concept of immunization
when he administered a smallpox vaccination from cowpox pustules
-Friedrich Loeffler & Girolamo Fracastorious - -Discovery of a virus (or
something smaller than bacteria) while looking at foot-and-mouth disease in
animals
Very controversial for the next 40 years
-Wendell Stanley - -Electron microscope is invented
First time a virus could be seen
-What are prions? - -Abnormal folding proteins
NOT microorganisms
-How are bacteria named? - -By genus, (family name) and species, (specific
name)
-What is the most common staining method? - -Gram staining
-What color are gram positive stains? - -Blue or purple
-What color are gram negative stains? - -Pink or red
-Cocci - -Spherical
Single cells or clusters
Average diameter 1 micrometer = 1: 1,000,000 of a meter
, -Bacilli - -Rod shaped
Single cells or clusters
Average size 1 micrometer wide x 5-10 long
-Spirilla - -Spiral shaped
Average size 0.2-10 micrometers wide by 30 long
-Most of the cell
Viscous material (thick liquid)
Contains the nucleiod or the DNA chain - -Cytoplasm
-Regulates cell pressure
Many disinfectants do their job by acting on it Ex: Chlorhexidine
Contains the enzymes for synthesis (making) of the cell wall - -Cytoplasmic
membrane
-Do mammals have cell walls? - -No
Selective toxicity
-Do bacteria contain a cell wall? - -Yes
-Gives the cell shape & rigidity
Very complex, peptidoglycan chains intermesh to form it
Gives cell resistance to crushing
Gram positive cells have thicker walls
Penicillin & other antibiotics work by acting on it & preventing synthesis
Tears & saliva act on it by breaking the bonds of peptidoglycan chains,
preventing synthesis - -Cell wall
-Present in Gram negative cells
Just external to the cell wall
Contains endotoxins which can cause damage to other body cells & result in
fever, inflammation, vomiting, bone destruction, and hemorrhage - -Outer
membrane
-Slime layer or glycocalyx
Produced by the cytoplasmic membrane & secreted
Contains a large quantity of water which helps cell survive in dry
environments
Helps cell survive attacks by white blood cells
Streptococcus mutant, which causes dental caries - -Capsule
-Thread-like
From the cytoplasmic membrane through cell wall & outer membrane &
capsule
Allow for cell movement - -Flagella
Questions and Answers/100% Scores
Willoughby D. Miller (US) - -"Father of Microbiology"
-Semmelweis (Vienna) & Holmes (US) - -First to recognize the importance of
handwashing
-Louis Pasteur & John Tyndall - -Pasteur is the father of immunology
Pasteurization
Heating fluid to kill bacteria
Still used today
-Lord Joseph Lister - -Demonstrated that hand washing, boiling instruments,
washing linens and sprayed the air with phenol near surgical sites
First attempt at sterile and aseptic technique
-Edward Jenner - -Credited with recognizing the concept of immunization
when he administered a smallpox vaccination from cowpox pustules
-Friedrich Loeffler & Girolamo Fracastorious - -Discovery of a virus (or
something smaller than bacteria) while looking at foot-and-mouth disease in
animals
Very controversial for the next 40 years
-Wendell Stanley - -Electron microscope is invented
First time a virus could be seen
-What are prions? - -Abnormal folding proteins
NOT microorganisms
-How are bacteria named? - -By genus, (family name) and species, (specific
name)
-What is the most common staining method? - -Gram staining
-What color are gram positive stains? - -Blue or purple
-What color are gram negative stains? - -Pink or red
-Cocci - -Spherical
Single cells or clusters
Average diameter 1 micrometer = 1: 1,000,000 of a meter
, -Bacilli - -Rod shaped
Single cells or clusters
Average size 1 micrometer wide x 5-10 long
-Spirilla - -Spiral shaped
Average size 0.2-10 micrometers wide by 30 long
-Most of the cell
Viscous material (thick liquid)
Contains the nucleiod or the DNA chain - -Cytoplasm
-Regulates cell pressure
Many disinfectants do their job by acting on it Ex: Chlorhexidine
Contains the enzymes for synthesis (making) of the cell wall - -Cytoplasmic
membrane
-Do mammals have cell walls? - -No
Selective toxicity
-Do bacteria contain a cell wall? - -Yes
-Gives the cell shape & rigidity
Very complex, peptidoglycan chains intermesh to form it
Gives cell resistance to crushing
Gram positive cells have thicker walls
Penicillin & other antibiotics work by acting on it & preventing synthesis
Tears & saliva act on it by breaking the bonds of peptidoglycan chains,
preventing synthesis - -Cell wall
-Present in Gram negative cells
Just external to the cell wall
Contains endotoxins which can cause damage to other body cells & result in
fever, inflammation, vomiting, bone destruction, and hemorrhage - -Outer
membrane
-Slime layer or glycocalyx
Produced by the cytoplasmic membrane & secreted
Contains a large quantity of water which helps cell survive in dry
environments
Helps cell survive attacks by white blood cells
Streptococcus mutant, which causes dental caries - -Capsule
-Thread-like
From the cytoplasmic membrane through cell wall & outer membrane &
capsule
Allow for cell movement - -Flagella
