MEDPAPERS
TEST BANK Applied Statistics I 3rd Edition
Chapter 1: Evaluating Numerical Information Answers Included
All Chapters
Multiple Choice
1. Science journals often require researchers to .
a. guarantee significant results
b. provide names of participants
c. identify possible conflicts of interest
E
d. subscribe to the journal
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
C
Answer Location: 1.3.1 Self-Interest or BiasDifficulty
Level: Medium
N
2. Communicator self-interest can produce concerns about .
LE
a. cost of the product
b. credibility of the message
c. future research
d. methodology
EL
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: 1.3.1 Self-Interest or BiasDifficulty
C
Level: Medium
3. Confirmation bias is informally known as .
EX
a. cherry picking
b. natural selection
c. favoritism
d. preferential treatment
ED
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: 1.3.2 Bias and “Cherry Picking”
Difficulty Level: Easy
M
4. Research written by the person with first-hand knowledge of the events of the study is known
as .
a. a literature review
b. questionable
c. a secondary source
d. a primary source
Ans: D
1
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Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: 1.3.3 Primary, Secondary, and Third Party Sources
Difficulty Level: Easy
5. Much of the content on websites for news entities is considered .
a. primary source content
b. secondary source content
c. third party content
d. unreliable
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
E
Answer Location: 1.3.3 Primary, Secondary, and Third-Party Sources
Difficulty Level: Medium
C
6. News reports and websites .
N
a. always identify self interest
b. consistently identify their credentials
LE
c. faithfully confess to bias
d. may not include source information
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
EL
Answer Location: 1.3.4 Communicator Credentials and Skills
Difficulty Level: Medium
7. Fraud in science is .
C
a. rare but has occurred
b. acceptable in certain circumstances
EX
c. never reported
d. rarely punished
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
ED
Answer Location: 1.3.5 Track Record for Truth-TellingDifficulty
Level: Medium
8. Although anecdotal evidence may be accurate, it is difficult to .
M
a. replicate in future studies
b. analyze
c. generalize to a larger population
d. gain permission to publish
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: 1.4.1 Anecdotal Versus Numerical Information
Difficulty Level: Medium
9. The purpose of citation in science is to .
a. determine validity
2
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b. identify the authors of the study
c. demonstrate reliability of the study’s data
d. identify outside sources of evidence
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: 1.4.2 Citation of Supporting EvidenceDifficulty
Level: Medium
10. A long list of sources .
a. can lead to plagiarism
b. does not ensure accuracy
E
c. ensures accuracy
d. ensures results are valid
C
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
N
Answer Location: 1.4.2 Citation of Supporting EvidenceDifficulty
Level: Medium
LE
11. In order to evaluate the quality of scientific evidence, we need to know .
a. how much it cost to collect
b. the name of the researcher/s
EL
c. the age of the participant/s
d. how it was collected
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
C
Answer Location: 1.4.2 Citation of Supporting EvidenceDifficulty
Level: Medium
EX
12. Participants in scientific research are often drawn from .
a. convenience samples
b. government employees
ED
c. student volunteers
d. prison populations
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
M
Answer Location: 1.5 Evaluating Generalizability
Difficulty Level: Easy
13. It makes sense to generalize results from a small group to a larger population
.
a. when the small group represents at least 50% of the population of interest
b. only when the participants resemble the population of interest
c. when more than one small group is included
d. when a research oversight committee has approved the resultsAns: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
3
, MEDPAPERS
Answer Location: 1.5 Evaluating Generalizability
Difficulty Level: Medium
14. It is important for science writing to make limitations of the study clear because
.
a. the writers have been paid for their work
b. other sources may not do so
c. participants have the right to know
d. it provides more interesting content
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
E
Answer Location: 1.5 Evaluating Generalizability
Difficulty Level: Medium
C
15. People can jump to conclusions about causal relationships based on .
N
a. poor editing of results
b. plagiarism
LE
c. insufficient evidence
d. personal bias
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
EL
Answer Location: 1.6 Making Causal Claims
Difficulty Level: Medium
16. In order to imply a causal relationship between X and Y, what is necessary?
C
a. a statistical relationship between X and Y
b. shared participants
EX
c. assurance from researchers that this is the case
d. sufficient duration of the study
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
ED
Answer Location: 1.6.2 Correlation (by Itself) Does Not Imply CausationDifficulty
Level: Medium
17. If a covariance between X and Y is found to exist, a causal relationship cannot beassumed
M
because .
a. the study results are often faulty
b. another variable could be the real cause
c. a causal relationship cannot be determined
d. participants may have been coerced
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: 1.6.2 Correlation (by Itself) Does Not Imply CausationDifficulty
Level: Medium
18. In order for a perfect co-occurrence to exist, which of the following is true?
4
TEST BANK Applied Statistics I 3rd Edition
Chapter 1: Evaluating Numerical Information Answers Included
All Chapters
Multiple Choice
1. Science journals often require researchers to .
a. guarantee significant results
b. provide names of participants
c. identify possible conflicts of interest
E
d. subscribe to the journal
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
C
Answer Location: 1.3.1 Self-Interest or BiasDifficulty
Level: Medium
N
2. Communicator self-interest can produce concerns about .
LE
a. cost of the product
b. credibility of the message
c. future research
d. methodology
EL
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: 1.3.1 Self-Interest or BiasDifficulty
C
Level: Medium
3. Confirmation bias is informally known as .
EX
a. cherry picking
b. natural selection
c. favoritism
d. preferential treatment
ED
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: 1.3.2 Bias and “Cherry Picking”
Difficulty Level: Easy
M
4. Research written by the person with first-hand knowledge of the events of the study is known
as .
a. a literature review
b. questionable
c. a secondary source
d. a primary source
Ans: D
1
, MEDPAPERS
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: 1.3.3 Primary, Secondary, and Third Party Sources
Difficulty Level: Easy
5. Much of the content on websites for news entities is considered .
a. primary source content
b. secondary source content
c. third party content
d. unreliable
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
E
Answer Location: 1.3.3 Primary, Secondary, and Third-Party Sources
Difficulty Level: Medium
C
6. News reports and websites .
N
a. always identify self interest
b. consistently identify their credentials
LE
c. faithfully confess to bias
d. may not include source information
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
EL
Answer Location: 1.3.4 Communicator Credentials and Skills
Difficulty Level: Medium
7. Fraud in science is .
C
a. rare but has occurred
b. acceptable in certain circumstances
EX
c. never reported
d. rarely punished
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
ED
Answer Location: 1.3.5 Track Record for Truth-TellingDifficulty
Level: Medium
8. Although anecdotal evidence may be accurate, it is difficult to .
M
a. replicate in future studies
b. analyze
c. generalize to a larger population
d. gain permission to publish
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: 1.4.1 Anecdotal Versus Numerical Information
Difficulty Level: Medium
9. The purpose of citation in science is to .
a. determine validity
2
, MEDPAPERS
b. identify the authors of the study
c. demonstrate reliability of the study’s data
d. identify outside sources of evidence
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: 1.4.2 Citation of Supporting EvidenceDifficulty
Level: Medium
10. A long list of sources .
a. can lead to plagiarism
b. does not ensure accuracy
E
c. ensures accuracy
d. ensures results are valid
C
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
N
Answer Location: 1.4.2 Citation of Supporting EvidenceDifficulty
Level: Medium
LE
11. In order to evaluate the quality of scientific evidence, we need to know .
a. how much it cost to collect
b. the name of the researcher/s
EL
c. the age of the participant/s
d. how it was collected
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
C
Answer Location: 1.4.2 Citation of Supporting EvidenceDifficulty
Level: Medium
EX
12. Participants in scientific research are often drawn from .
a. convenience samples
b. government employees
ED
c. student volunteers
d. prison populations
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
M
Answer Location: 1.5 Evaluating Generalizability
Difficulty Level: Easy
13. It makes sense to generalize results from a small group to a larger population
.
a. when the small group represents at least 50% of the population of interest
b. only when the participants resemble the population of interest
c. when more than one small group is included
d. when a research oversight committee has approved the resultsAns: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
3
, MEDPAPERS
Answer Location: 1.5 Evaluating Generalizability
Difficulty Level: Medium
14. It is important for science writing to make limitations of the study clear because
.
a. the writers have been paid for their work
b. other sources may not do so
c. participants have the right to know
d. it provides more interesting content
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
E
Answer Location: 1.5 Evaluating Generalizability
Difficulty Level: Medium
C
15. People can jump to conclusions about causal relationships based on .
N
a. poor editing of results
b. plagiarism
LE
c. insufficient evidence
d. personal bias
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
EL
Answer Location: 1.6 Making Causal Claims
Difficulty Level: Medium
16. In order to imply a causal relationship between X and Y, what is necessary?
C
a. a statistical relationship between X and Y
b. shared participants
EX
c. assurance from researchers that this is the case
d. sufficient duration of the study
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
ED
Answer Location: 1.6.2 Correlation (by Itself) Does Not Imply CausationDifficulty
Level: Medium
17. If a covariance between X and Y is found to exist, a causal relationship cannot beassumed
M
because .
a. the study results are often faulty
b. another variable could be the real cause
c. a causal relationship cannot be determined
d. participants may have been coerced
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: 1.6.2 Correlation (by Itself) Does Not Imply CausationDifficulty
Level: Medium
18. In order for a perfect co-occurrence to exist, which of the following is true?
4
