TEST BANK For Microbiology: A Systems Approach, 7th Edition
by Marjorie Kelly Cowan|
endosymbiotic theory - ANSWER:developed by Dr. Lynn Margulis
endosymbiotic theory - ANSWER:eukaryotic cells arose from a very large prokaryote
that engulfed smaller prokaryotic cells whcih began to live and reproduce inside the
large cell rather than destroyed.
flagella and cilia - ANSWER:function: motility
flagella - ANSWER:thicker, more complex; covered by extension of cell membrane in
eukaryotes.
cilia - ANSWER:similar to flagella but shorter and more numerous. can be found in
some group of protozoa and certain animal cells. some function as feeding and
filtering structures.
cell wall & glycocalyx - ANSWER:outer most boundary (extra cellular matrix) in
eukaryotes. composed of polysaccharides. both are usually not present; sometimes
in plants (cellulose), fungi (chitin).
cell wall - ANSWER:function in fungi and algae are for structural support and shape.
glycocalyx - ANSWER:function in eukaryotes are for protection, adherance, &
reception of signals.
plasma/cytoplasmic membrane - ANSWER:selectively permeable membrane in both
eukaryotes and prokaryotes. phospholipid bi-layer with proteins. contains sterols in
eukaryotes.
sterols - ANSWER:relative rigidity makes eukaryotes more stable which is important
in cells that lack cell walls.
cytoplasm/cytoskeleton - ANSWER:function for anchoring organelles, moving RNA &
vesicles, & permitting shape changes & movement in some eukaryotic cells. main
types: actin, microtubules, & intermediate filaments.
actin filaments - ANSWER:long, thin protein strands mostly inside the cell
membrane. cellular movements & formation of cellular extensions.
microtubules - ANSWER:long, hollow tubes that maintain shape of eukaryotes
without cell walls. transport substances from one part of a cell to another. spindle
fibers (in mitosis) attach to chromosomes & separate them to daughter cells.
movement of cilia & flagella.
, intermediate filaments - ANSWER:rope-like structures for structural reinforcement
of the cell and their organelles.
ribosomes - ANSWER:tiny, dot particles in cytoplasm. larger in eukaryotes. site for
protein synthesis.
nucleus - ANSWER:compact sphere; most prominent organelle in eukaryotes. DNA is
bound to histone proteins to prevent chromosomes from tangling as they are
separated into new cells.
nuclear envelope - ANSWER:2 parallel membranes separated by narrow space
perforated with small pores at sites where 2 membranes unite.
nuclear pores - ANSWER:passageways where macromolecules migrate from nucleus
to cytoplasm.
nucleolus - ANSWER:granular mass that stains more intensely due to its RNA
content. site for ribosomal RNA synthesis & collection area for ribosomal subunits.
endoplasmic reticulum - ANSWER:functions as transport (transitional vesicles) and
storage.
rough ER - ANSWER:spaces (cisternae) to transpory materials.
smooth ER - ANSWER:closed tubular network without ribosomes. function for
nutrient processing, synthesis, & storage of lipids.
golgi complex - ANSWER:where proteins are modified and sent to final destinations.
has cisternae; but do not form continuous network. condensing vesicles conveyed to
organelles such as lysosomes or transported outside the cell as secretory vesicles.
mitochondria - ANSWER:energy generators; round or elongated. outer layer:
smooth, continuous outer membrane. inner layer: folds (cristae). matrix: complex
fluid inside cristae. divide independently; contains circular strands of DNA & have
prokaryotic-sized ribosomes.
chloroplasts - ANSWER:found in algae & plants. converts light energy into chemical
energy. has double membrane with a 3rd membrane with disc-like sacs (thylakoids)
which are connected by stroma. contains chlorophyll.
fungi - ANSWER:myceteae, molds, yeasts, fungus, mushrooms.
morphology of fungi - ANSWER:macroscopic and microscopic
macroscopic fungi - ANSWER:mushrooms, puffballs, & gill fungi
by Marjorie Kelly Cowan|
endosymbiotic theory - ANSWER:developed by Dr. Lynn Margulis
endosymbiotic theory - ANSWER:eukaryotic cells arose from a very large prokaryote
that engulfed smaller prokaryotic cells whcih began to live and reproduce inside the
large cell rather than destroyed.
flagella and cilia - ANSWER:function: motility
flagella - ANSWER:thicker, more complex; covered by extension of cell membrane in
eukaryotes.
cilia - ANSWER:similar to flagella but shorter and more numerous. can be found in
some group of protozoa and certain animal cells. some function as feeding and
filtering structures.
cell wall & glycocalyx - ANSWER:outer most boundary (extra cellular matrix) in
eukaryotes. composed of polysaccharides. both are usually not present; sometimes
in plants (cellulose), fungi (chitin).
cell wall - ANSWER:function in fungi and algae are for structural support and shape.
glycocalyx - ANSWER:function in eukaryotes are for protection, adherance, &
reception of signals.
plasma/cytoplasmic membrane - ANSWER:selectively permeable membrane in both
eukaryotes and prokaryotes. phospholipid bi-layer with proteins. contains sterols in
eukaryotes.
sterols - ANSWER:relative rigidity makes eukaryotes more stable which is important
in cells that lack cell walls.
cytoplasm/cytoskeleton - ANSWER:function for anchoring organelles, moving RNA &
vesicles, & permitting shape changes & movement in some eukaryotic cells. main
types: actin, microtubules, & intermediate filaments.
actin filaments - ANSWER:long, thin protein strands mostly inside the cell
membrane. cellular movements & formation of cellular extensions.
microtubules - ANSWER:long, hollow tubes that maintain shape of eukaryotes
without cell walls. transport substances from one part of a cell to another. spindle
fibers (in mitosis) attach to chromosomes & separate them to daughter cells.
movement of cilia & flagella.
, intermediate filaments - ANSWER:rope-like structures for structural reinforcement
of the cell and their organelles.
ribosomes - ANSWER:tiny, dot particles in cytoplasm. larger in eukaryotes. site for
protein synthesis.
nucleus - ANSWER:compact sphere; most prominent organelle in eukaryotes. DNA is
bound to histone proteins to prevent chromosomes from tangling as they are
separated into new cells.
nuclear envelope - ANSWER:2 parallel membranes separated by narrow space
perforated with small pores at sites where 2 membranes unite.
nuclear pores - ANSWER:passageways where macromolecules migrate from nucleus
to cytoplasm.
nucleolus - ANSWER:granular mass that stains more intensely due to its RNA
content. site for ribosomal RNA synthesis & collection area for ribosomal subunits.
endoplasmic reticulum - ANSWER:functions as transport (transitional vesicles) and
storage.
rough ER - ANSWER:spaces (cisternae) to transpory materials.
smooth ER - ANSWER:closed tubular network without ribosomes. function for
nutrient processing, synthesis, & storage of lipids.
golgi complex - ANSWER:where proteins are modified and sent to final destinations.
has cisternae; but do not form continuous network. condensing vesicles conveyed to
organelles such as lysosomes or transported outside the cell as secretory vesicles.
mitochondria - ANSWER:energy generators; round or elongated. outer layer:
smooth, continuous outer membrane. inner layer: folds (cristae). matrix: complex
fluid inside cristae. divide independently; contains circular strands of DNA & have
prokaryotic-sized ribosomes.
chloroplasts - ANSWER:found in algae & plants. converts light energy into chemical
energy. has double membrane with a 3rd membrane with disc-like sacs (thylakoids)
which are connected by stroma. contains chlorophyll.
fungi - ANSWER:myceteae, molds, yeasts, fungus, mushrooms.
morphology of fungi - ANSWER:macroscopic and microscopic
macroscopic fungi - ANSWER:mushrooms, puffballs, & gill fungi
