TEST BANK For Alcamos Fundamentals of Microbiology
12th Edition by Pommerville
List the major groups of microorganisms - ANSWER:Bacteria
Archaea
Fungi
Protozoa
Algae
Viruses
These do not have a cellular structure. They are particles composed of nucleic acid
surrounded by protein; some possess a lipid envelope and associated glycoproteins,
but recognizable chromosomes, cytoplasm and cell membranes are invariably
absent. - ANSWER:Viruses
Why are viruses incapable of independent replication? - ANSWER:they lack enzymes
necessary to copy their own nucleic acids
almost all viruses are smaller than bacteria and they cannot be seen with a normal
light microscope; instead they may be viewed using an electron microscope.
T or F - ANSWER:True
These are even simpler than viruses, being infectious particles comprising single -
stranded RNA without any associated protein. so far, there are no known human
pathogens in this category, although human hepatitis D virus shares some features in
common with these. - ANSWER:Viroids (virusoids)
These are unique as infectious agents in that they contain no nucleic acid. It is an
atypical form of a mammalian protein that can interact with a normal protein
molecule and cause it to undergo a conformational change so that it, in turn,
becomes a prion and ceases its normal function. - ANSWER:Prions
They are the simplest and most recently recognized agents of infectious disease, and
are important in a pharmaceutical context owing to their extreme resistance to
conventional sterilizing agents like steam, gamma radiation and disinfectants -
ANSWER:Prions
they are the causative agents of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies -
ANSWER:Prions
bacteria and archaea are classified under _____________; all other cellular
microorganisms, e.g. fungi, protozoa and algae, are under __________________ -
ANSWER:prokaryotes; eukaryotes
, prokaryotes are normally ____________ (possess only one copy of the set of genes
in the cell) and reproduce asexually; eukaroyotes, by contrast, are usually
____________ (possess two copies of their genes) and normally have the potential
to reproduce sexually. - ANSWER:haploid; diploid
These are essentially unicellular, although some species arise as sheathed chains of
cells. They possess the properties listed under prokaryotes but, like viruses and other
categories of microorganisms, exhibit great diversity of form, habitat, metabolism,
pathogenicity and other characteristics. - ANSWER:Bacteria
These are typically rod - shaped (bacillus), spherical (cocci), curved or spiral cells of
approximately 0.5 - 5.0 mm (longest dimension) and are divided into two groups
designated Gram - positive and Gram - negative - ANSWER:eubacteria
all the pathogenic species are included within this category - ANSWER:eubacteria
Some of the bacteria that contaminate or cause spoilage of pharmaceutical materials
are _____________, i.e. they obtain their energy by decomposition of animal and
vegetable material; may be parasitic and pathogenic - ANSWER:saprophytes
Many other bacteria would be described as _____________ ________________
(normally growing best in air but can grow without it) - ANSWER:facultative
anaerobes
Many other bacteria would be described as _______________ (preferring oxygen
concentrations lower than those in normal air). - ANSWER:microaerophils
These are structurally more complex and varied in appearance than bacteria and,
being eukaryotes; are considered to be non - photosynthesizing plants, and covers
both yeasts and moulds - ANSWER:Fungi
process whereby a daughter cell arises as a swelling or protrusion from the parent
that eventually separates to lead an independent existence - ANSWER:budding
Diffrentiate yeasts from moulds - ANSWER:Yeasts are normally unicellular organisms
that are larger than bacteria (typically 5 - 10 µ m). Mould describes fungi that do not
form fruiting bodies visible to the naked eye. Most moulds consist of a tangled mass
(mycelium) of filaments or threads (hyphae) which vary between 1 and over 50 µm
wide
What makes fungi important contaminants of pharmaceutical raw materials,
particularly materials of vegetable origin - ANSWER:their ability to form spores that
are resistant to drying
These are eukaryotic, predominantly unicellular microorganisms that are regarded as
animals rather than plants - ANSWER:Protozoa
12th Edition by Pommerville
List the major groups of microorganisms - ANSWER:Bacteria
Archaea
Fungi
Protozoa
Algae
Viruses
These do not have a cellular structure. They are particles composed of nucleic acid
surrounded by protein; some possess a lipid envelope and associated glycoproteins,
but recognizable chromosomes, cytoplasm and cell membranes are invariably
absent. - ANSWER:Viruses
Why are viruses incapable of independent replication? - ANSWER:they lack enzymes
necessary to copy their own nucleic acids
almost all viruses are smaller than bacteria and they cannot be seen with a normal
light microscope; instead they may be viewed using an electron microscope.
T or F - ANSWER:True
These are even simpler than viruses, being infectious particles comprising single -
stranded RNA without any associated protein. so far, there are no known human
pathogens in this category, although human hepatitis D virus shares some features in
common with these. - ANSWER:Viroids (virusoids)
These are unique as infectious agents in that they contain no nucleic acid. It is an
atypical form of a mammalian protein that can interact with a normal protein
molecule and cause it to undergo a conformational change so that it, in turn,
becomes a prion and ceases its normal function. - ANSWER:Prions
They are the simplest and most recently recognized agents of infectious disease, and
are important in a pharmaceutical context owing to their extreme resistance to
conventional sterilizing agents like steam, gamma radiation and disinfectants -
ANSWER:Prions
they are the causative agents of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies -
ANSWER:Prions
bacteria and archaea are classified under _____________; all other cellular
microorganisms, e.g. fungi, protozoa and algae, are under __________________ -
ANSWER:prokaryotes; eukaryotes
, prokaryotes are normally ____________ (possess only one copy of the set of genes
in the cell) and reproduce asexually; eukaroyotes, by contrast, are usually
____________ (possess two copies of their genes) and normally have the potential
to reproduce sexually. - ANSWER:haploid; diploid
These are essentially unicellular, although some species arise as sheathed chains of
cells. They possess the properties listed under prokaryotes but, like viruses and other
categories of microorganisms, exhibit great diversity of form, habitat, metabolism,
pathogenicity and other characteristics. - ANSWER:Bacteria
These are typically rod - shaped (bacillus), spherical (cocci), curved or spiral cells of
approximately 0.5 - 5.0 mm (longest dimension) and are divided into two groups
designated Gram - positive and Gram - negative - ANSWER:eubacteria
all the pathogenic species are included within this category - ANSWER:eubacteria
Some of the bacteria that contaminate or cause spoilage of pharmaceutical materials
are _____________, i.e. they obtain their energy by decomposition of animal and
vegetable material; may be parasitic and pathogenic - ANSWER:saprophytes
Many other bacteria would be described as _____________ ________________
(normally growing best in air but can grow without it) - ANSWER:facultative
anaerobes
Many other bacteria would be described as _______________ (preferring oxygen
concentrations lower than those in normal air). - ANSWER:microaerophils
These are structurally more complex and varied in appearance than bacteria and,
being eukaryotes; are considered to be non - photosynthesizing plants, and covers
both yeasts and moulds - ANSWER:Fungi
process whereby a daughter cell arises as a swelling or protrusion from the parent
that eventually separates to lead an independent existence - ANSWER:budding
Diffrentiate yeasts from moulds - ANSWER:Yeasts are normally unicellular organisms
that are larger than bacteria (typically 5 - 10 µ m). Mould describes fungi that do not
form fruiting bodies visible to the naked eye. Most moulds consist of a tangled mass
(mycelium) of filaments or threads (hyphae) which vary between 1 and over 50 µm
wide
What makes fungi important contaminants of pharmaceutical raw materials,
particularly materials of vegetable origin - ANSWER:their ability to form spores that
are resistant to drying
These are eukaryotic, predominantly unicellular microorganisms that are regarded as
animals rather than plants - ANSWER:Protozoa
