Chapter 1 Wade Organic Chemistry Questions with Correct Answers
acid-dissociation constant (Ka) - correct answers the equilibrium constant for the reaction of the acid
with water to generate H₃O⁺
pKa - correct answers the negative logarithm of Ka
Arrhenius acid - correct answers dissociates in water to give H₃O⁺
Arrhenius base - correct answers dissociates in water to give OH⁻
Brønsted-Lowry acid - correct answers proton donor
Brønsted-Lowry base - correct answers proton acceptor
Lewis acid - correct answers electron-pair acceptor (electrophile)
Lewis base - correct answers electron-pair donor (nucleophile)
conjugate acid - correct answers the acid that results from protonation of a base
conjugate base - correct answers the base that results from loss of a proton from an acid
covalent bonding - correct answers bonding that occurs by the sharing of electrons in the region
between two nuclei
single bond - correct answers a covalent bond that involves the sharing of one pair of electrons
double bond - correct answers a covalent bond that involves the sharing of two pairs of electrons
triple bond - correct answers a covalent bond that involves the sharing of three pairs of electrons
, curved-arrow formalism - correct answersa method of drawing curved arrows to keep track of electron
movement from nucleophile to electrophile (or within a molecule) during the course of a reaction
degenerate orbitals - correct answersorbitals with identical energies
delocalization - correct answersa charge is spread over two or more atoms by resonance
dipole moment (μ) - correct answersa measure of the polarity of a bond (or molecule), proportional to
the product of the charge separation times the bond length
electron density - correct answersthe relative probability of finding an electron in a certain region of
space
electronegativity - correct answersa measure of an element's ability to attract electrons. Elements with
higher electronegativities attract electrons more strongly
electrophile - correct answersan electron-pair acceptor (Lewis acid)
electrostatic potential map (EPM) - correct answersa computer-calculated molecular representation that
uses colors to show the charge distribution in a molecule. In most cases, the EPM uses red to show
electron rich regions (most negative electrostatic potential) and blue to show electron-poor regions (the
most positive electrostatic potential). The intermediate colors orange, yellow, and green show regions
with intermediate electrostatic potentials
empirical formula - correct answersthe ratios of atoms in a compound
formal charges - correct answersa method for keeping track of charges, showing what charge would be
on an atom in a particular Lewis structure
Hund's rule - correct answerswhen there are two or more unfilled orbitals of the same energy
(degenerate orbitals), the lowest-energy configuration places the electrons in different orbitals (with
parallel spins) rather than paired in the same orbital
acid-dissociation constant (Ka) - correct answers the equilibrium constant for the reaction of the acid
with water to generate H₃O⁺
pKa - correct answers the negative logarithm of Ka
Arrhenius acid - correct answers dissociates in water to give H₃O⁺
Arrhenius base - correct answers dissociates in water to give OH⁻
Brønsted-Lowry acid - correct answers proton donor
Brønsted-Lowry base - correct answers proton acceptor
Lewis acid - correct answers electron-pair acceptor (electrophile)
Lewis base - correct answers electron-pair donor (nucleophile)
conjugate acid - correct answers the acid that results from protonation of a base
conjugate base - correct answers the base that results from loss of a proton from an acid
covalent bonding - correct answers bonding that occurs by the sharing of electrons in the region
between two nuclei
single bond - correct answers a covalent bond that involves the sharing of one pair of electrons
double bond - correct answers a covalent bond that involves the sharing of two pairs of electrons
triple bond - correct answers a covalent bond that involves the sharing of three pairs of electrons
, curved-arrow formalism - correct answersa method of drawing curved arrows to keep track of electron
movement from nucleophile to electrophile (or within a molecule) during the course of a reaction
degenerate orbitals - correct answersorbitals with identical energies
delocalization - correct answersa charge is spread over two or more atoms by resonance
dipole moment (μ) - correct answersa measure of the polarity of a bond (or molecule), proportional to
the product of the charge separation times the bond length
electron density - correct answersthe relative probability of finding an electron in a certain region of
space
electronegativity - correct answersa measure of an element's ability to attract electrons. Elements with
higher electronegativities attract electrons more strongly
electrophile - correct answersan electron-pair acceptor (Lewis acid)
electrostatic potential map (EPM) - correct answersa computer-calculated molecular representation that
uses colors to show the charge distribution in a molecule. In most cases, the EPM uses red to show
electron rich regions (most negative electrostatic potential) and blue to show electron-poor regions (the
most positive electrostatic potential). The intermediate colors orange, yellow, and green show regions
with intermediate electrostatic potentials
empirical formula - correct answersthe ratios of atoms in a compound
formal charges - correct answersa method for keeping track of charges, showing what charge would be
on an atom in a particular Lewis structure
Hund's rule - correct answerswhen there are two or more unfilled orbitals of the same energy
(degenerate orbitals), the lowest-energy configuration places the electrons in different orbitals (with
parallel spins) rather than paired in the same orbital
