Advanced Pathophysiology Mid-Term Study Guide Questions and Answers 2024

Advanced Pathophysiology Mid-Term Study Guide Questions and Answers 2024 What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential to initiate an action potential? Na+ gates open, and Na+ rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from - to + What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injury? Enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs, halting DNA synthesis In hypoxic injury, sodium enters the cell and causes swelling because: ATP is insufficient to maintain the pump that keeps Na+ out of the cell. What mechanisms occur in the liver cells as a result of lipid accumulation? Increased synthesis of triglycerides from fatty acids and decreased synthesis of apoproteins What is the effect of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) in atherosclerosis? LDLs cause smooth muscle proliferation Which inflammatory cytokines are released when endothelial cells are injured? Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and interleukin 1 (IL1) When endothelia cells are injured, which alteration contributes to atherosclerosis? Cells are unable to make the normal amount of vasodilating cytokines Which factor is responsible for hypertrophy of the myocardium associated with hypertension? Angiotensin II What effect does atherosclerosis have on the development of an aneurysm? Atherosclerosis erodes the vessel wall. Regarding the endothelium, what is the difference between healthy vessel walls and those that promote clot formation? Inflammation and roughening of the endothelium of the artery are present. Which form of angina occurs most often during sleep as a result of vasospasms of one or more coronary arteries? Prinzmetal The pulsusparadoxus that occurs as a result of pericardial effusion is caused by a dysfunction in which mechanism? Diastolic filling pressure of the left ventricle and reduction of blood volume in all four heart chambers Ventricular dilation and grossly impaired systolic function, leading to dilated heart failure, characterize which form of cardiomyopathy? Congestive Amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, or glycogen storage disease usually causes which form of cardiomyopathy? Restrictive In systolic heart failure, what effect does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) have on stroke volume? Increases preload and increases afterload What is the cause of the dyspnea resulting from a thoracic aneurysm? Pressure on surrounding organs Which statement is true concerning the cells' ability to synthesize cholesterol? Most body cells are capable of producing cholesterol. What is the trigger for angina pectoris? Myocardial ischemia Individuals being effectively managed for type 2 diabetes mellitus often experience a healthy decline in blood pressure as a result of which intervention? Insulin-sensitivity medication therapy Most cardiovascular developments occur between which weeks of gestation? Fourth and seventh weeks The function of the foramen ovale in a fetus allows what to occur? Right-to-left blood shunting An infant has a continuous machine-type murmur best heard at the left upper sternal border throughout systole and diastole, as well as a bounding pulse and a thrill on palpation. These clinical findings are consistent with which congenital heart defect? Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) An infant has a crescendo-decrescendo systolic ejection murmur located between the second and third intercostal spaces along the left sternal border. A wide fixed splitting of the second heart sound is also found. These clinical findings are consistent with which congenital heart defect? Atrial septal defect (ASD) An infant has a loud, harsh, holosystolic murmur and a systolic thrill that can be detected at the left lower sternal border that radiates to the neck. These clinical findings are consistent with which congenital heart defect? Ventricular septal defect (VSD) Form of necrosis in tuberculosis? Caseous Most common cause of cellular injury? Hypoxia Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur? Mitochondria The mechanism by which energy produced from carbs, fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation Hypotonic solution causes Cellular swelling Hypertonic solution causes Cellular shrinkage Hypertonic Solution? 3%NS "ocean water" Isotonic solution? LR, NS, D5NS Potassium <3.5 can be caused by reduced K+ intake, increased ICF to ECF K+ concentration, loss of K+, increased aldosterone secretion, and increased renal secretion. S/S: decreased neuromuscular excitability, skeletal muscle weakness, smooth muscle atony, cardiac dysrhythmias. Hypokalemia Hemoconcentration from water and salt loss Water moves between the ICF and ECF compartments by osmosis. Water moves between the plasma and interstitial fluid by osmosis and hydrostatic pressure, which can occur across the capillary membrane. Heat exhaustion Greatest carrier to push K+ back into the cell? Insulin Physical barriers? Endothelial / epithelial cells Mechanical barrier? Mucous membrane, the skin, tears, urine Biochemical barrier? Epithelial surfaces. Ex: mucus, sweat, saliva, tears, earwax An acute inflammation that includes, vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, and WBC adherence to inner vessel walls and their migration through vessel walls. S/S/: redness, heat, swelling, and pain Vascular injury The predominant phagocytes in the early inflammatory site, arriving within 6 to 12 hours after the initial injury, where they ingest (phagocytose) bacteria, dead cells, and cellular debris Neutrophils What is a foreign or non-self-substance? Antigen Primary cause of common allergies? IgE mediated allergies Grave's Disease, Myasthenia Gravis, Immune thrombocytopenia purpura, autoimmune neutropenia, and SLE. Examples of autoimmune diseases The ability of pathogens to induce an immune response Immunogenicity The ability of the pathogen to invade and multiply in the host Infectivity The ability of an agent to produce disease—success depends on communicability, infectivity, extent of tissue damage, and virulence Pathogenicity