PMCOL 200 - FINAL EXAM
LATEST UPDATE
when are immunosuppressant drugs used - Answer 1. Suppression of rejection of
transplanted organs and tissues
2. Suppression of 'Graft-Versus-Host' disease
3. Auto-immune diseases
Tamoxifen - Answer selective estrogen receptor antagonist
Imantinib - Answer tyrosine kinase inhibitor, affects bcr-abl, treats leukemia
Cetuximab - Answer EGFR inhibitor and monoclonal antibody (against extracellular
domain)
Anthracyclines (doxorubicin) - Answer antibiotic
inhibit DNA topoisomerase
generates free radicals
has high affinity binding to DNA
binds the cell membrane to alter fluidity and ion transport
Captothecins - Answer stabilise DNA topoisomerase (topi reduce torsional strain thru
breakage and resealing)
increases the single stranded breaks in DNA
Taxanes - Answer paclitaxel
promotes microtubule assembly, inhibiting mitosis
derived from the pacific yew tree
Vinca Alkaloids - Answer periwinkle
inhibit tubulin polymerisation (M phase)
methotrexate - Answer anti folate (folic acid analogue)
compete for dihydrofolate reductase
folic acid is converted via enzymatic reduction by - Answer FH4 cofactors
, FH4 cofactors function - Answer provide methyl group for DNA precursor synthesis
what do folic acid analogues do - Answer interfere with FH4 metabolism and inhibit DNA
replication
pyrimidine analogue - Answer 5-fluorouracil
competes with pyrimidine precursors for thymidylate synthase
TS converts dUMP --> dTMP
fluorouracil active form - Answer FdUMP
6-mercaptopurine - Answer purine analogue
inhibits phophoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase (PRPP amidotransferase)
rate limiting factor for purine synthesis - Answer Production of inosine monophate (IMP)
(also alters function/synthesis of RNA/DNA)
Alkylating agents - Answer covalently link to chemical groups
Lead to cross-linking between strands of DNA and strand breakage
cisplatin - Answer platinum analogue
alkylating agent
leads to inter-strand crosslinks leading to inhibition of DNA synthesis and function
Adverse effects of anti-cancer drugs occur where and why - Answer in rapidly growing
tissues, such as bone marrow, intestinal mucosa, and reproductive system
drugs are carcinogenic and it is dose related
(adverse) symptoms of anti cancer drugs - Answer impaired immune system, diarrhea,
hair loss, nausea and vomiting
Primary resistance - Answer develops spontaneously in the absence of prior exposure
to anti-cancer drugs
e.g. p53 mutations
Acquired Resistance - Answer develops in response to a given anticancer agent
three shapes of bacteria - Answer rod/bacillus
sphere/coccus
spiral
2 types of cell walls for bacteria - Answer gram-positive
LATEST UPDATE
when are immunosuppressant drugs used - Answer 1. Suppression of rejection of
transplanted organs and tissues
2. Suppression of 'Graft-Versus-Host' disease
3. Auto-immune diseases
Tamoxifen - Answer selective estrogen receptor antagonist
Imantinib - Answer tyrosine kinase inhibitor, affects bcr-abl, treats leukemia
Cetuximab - Answer EGFR inhibitor and monoclonal antibody (against extracellular
domain)
Anthracyclines (doxorubicin) - Answer antibiotic
inhibit DNA topoisomerase
generates free radicals
has high affinity binding to DNA
binds the cell membrane to alter fluidity and ion transport
Captothecins - Answer stabilise DNA topoisomerase (topi reduce torsional strain thru
breakage and resealing)
increases the single stranded breaks in DNA
Taxanes - Answer paclitaxel
promotes microtubule assembly, inhibiting mitosis
derived from the pacific yew tree
Vinca Alkaloids - Answer periwinkle
inhibit tubulin polymerisation (M phase)
methotrexate - Answer anti folate (folic acid analogue)
compete for dihydrofolate reductase
folic acid is converted via enzymatic reduction by - Answer FH4 cofactors
, FH4 cofactors function - Answer provide methyl group for DNA precursor synthesis
what do folic acid analogues do - Answer interfere with FH4 metabolism and inhibit DNA
replication
pyrimidine analogue - Answer 5-fluorouracil
competes with pyrimidine precursors for thymidylate synthase
TS converts dUMP --> dTMP
fluorouracil active form - Answer FdUMP
6-mercaptopurine - Answer purine analogue
inhibits phophoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase (PRPP amidotransferase)
rate limiting factor for purine synthesis - Answer Production of inosine monophate (IMP)
(also alters function/synthesis of RNA/DNA)
Alkylating agents - Answer covalently link to chemical groups
Lead to cross-linking between strands of DNA and strand breakage
cisplatin - Answer platinum analogue
alkylating agent
leads to inter-strand crosslinks leading to inhibition of DNA synthesis and function
Adverse effects of anti-cancer drugs occur where and why - Answer in rapidly growing
tissues, such as bone marrow, intestinal mucosa, and reproductive system
drugs are carcinogenic and it is dose related
(adverse) symptoms of anti cancer drugs - Answer impaired immune system, diarrhea,
hair loss, nausea and vomiting
Primary resistance - Answer develops spontaneously in the absence of prior exposure
to anti-cancer drugs
e.g. p53 mutations
Acquired Resistance - Answer develops in response to a given anticancer agent
three shapes of bacteria - Answer rod/bacillus
sphere/coccus
spiral
2 types of cell walls for bacteria - Answer gram-positive
