Altruism - ANSWER - a healthy defense mechanism
- dealing with anxiety by reaching out to others
Example" a nurse who lost a family member in a fire is a volunteer firefighter
Sublimination - ANSWER - a healthy defense mechanism
- Dealing with unacceptable feelings or impulses by unconsciously substituting
acceptable forms of expression
Example: A person who has feelings of anger and hostility toward his work
supervisor sublimates those feelings by working out vigorously at the gym during his
lunch period
Suppression - ANSWER Voluntarily denying unpleasant thoughts and feelings
Example" a person who has lost his job states he will worry about paying his bills
next week
Repression - ANSWER Putting unacceptable ideas, thoughts, and emotions out of
conscious awareness
Example: A person who has a fear of the dentist's drill continually "forgets" his dental
appointments
Displacement - ANSWER -Shifting feelings related to an object, person, or situation
to another less threatening object, person, or situation
Example: a person who is angry about losing his job destroys his child's favorite toy
Reaction Formation - ANSWER - overcompensating or demonstrating the opposite
behavior of what is felt
Example: A person who dislikes her sister's daughter offers to babysit so that her
sister can go out of town
Undoing - ANSWER - Performing an act to make up for prior behavior
Example: An adolescent completes his chores without being prompted after having
an argument with his parent
Rationalization - ANSWER -Creating reasonable and acceptable explanations for
unacceptable behaviors
Example: A young adult explains he had to drive home from a part after drinking
alcohol because he had to feed his dog
Dissociation - ANSWER -Temporarily blocking memories and perceptions from
consciousness
Example: an adolescent witnesses a shooting and is unable to recall any details of
the event
Splitting - ANSWER -Demonstrating an inability to reconcile negative and positive
attributes of self or others
Example: a client tells a nurse that she is the only one who cares about her, yet the
following day the same client refuses to talk to the nurse
Projection - ANSWER - Blaming others for unacceptable thoughts and feelings
,Example: a young adult blames his substance use disorder on his parents' refusal to
buy him a new car
Denial - ANSWER - Pretending the truth is not reality to manage the anxiety of
acknowledging what is real
Example: A parent who is informed that his son was killed in combat tells everyone
he is coming home for the holidays
Therapeutic Nurse-Client Relationship - ANSWER -different from social and
intimate relationships
-purposeful and goal-directed
- well defined with clear boundaries
- structured to meet the CLIENT'S needs
- characterized by an interpersonal process that is safe, confidential, reliable, and
consistent
Transference - ANSWER - Transference occurs when the client views a member of
the health care team as having characteristics of another person who has been
significant to the client's personal life
- Example: a client may see a nurse as being like his mother, and thus may
demonstrate some of the same behaviors with the nurse as he demonstrated with
his mother
- Nursing Implications: a nurse should be aware that transference by a client is more
likely to occur with a person in authority
Countertransference - ANSWER - Countertransference occurs when a health care
team member displaces characteristics of people in her past onto a client
- Example: A nurse may feel defensive and angry with a client for no apparent
reason if the client reminds her of a friend who often elicited those feelings
- Nursing Implications: a nurse should be aware that clients who induce very strong
personal feelings may become objects of countertransference
Primary Prevention - ANSWER Primary Prevention promotes health and prevents
mental health problems from occurring.
Example: a nurse leads a group for parents of toddlers, discussing normal toddlers
behavior, and ways to promote healthy development
Secondary Prevention - ANSWER Secondary prevention focuses on early detection
of mental illness
Example: A nurse screens parents of children who have developmental disorders
Tertiary prevention - ANSWER Tertiary prevention focuses on rehabilitation and
prevention of further problems in client previously diagnosed
Example: A nurse leads a support group for clients who have completed a substance
use disorder program
Psychoanalysis - ANSWER Therapeutic process of assessing unconscious
thoughts and feelings and resolving conflict by talking to a psychoanalyst
, Therapeutic tools = free association (spontaneous, uncensored verbalization of
whatever comes to a client's mind), dream analysis and interpretation, transference,
use of defense mechanisms
Psychotherapy - ANSWER - More verbal therapist-to-client interaction than classic
psychoanalysis
- Uses same tools as psychoanalysis but focuses on client's present state, rather
than his early life
- Cognitive therapy = individual thoughts and behaviors to solve current problems by
changing a client's attitude toward life experiences
Behavioral Therapy - ANSWER - Changing behavior is key to treating problems,
such as anxiety or depressive disorders
- Based on the fact that behavior is learned and has consequences
- Teach client's ways to decrease anxiety or avoidant behavior and practice these
techniques
- Treats clients with phobias, substance use, or addictive disorders
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy - ANSWER - Uses both cognitive and behavioral
approach
- Example: dialectical behavior therapy is a CBT for clients with personality disorder
and exhibit self-injurious behavior. This focuses on gradual behavior changes and
provides acceptance and validation for these clients
Cognitive Reframing - ANSWER - Identify negative thoughts that produce anxiety,
examine the cause, and develop supportive ideas that replace negative self-talk
- Priority restructuring, monitoring thoughts, journal keeping
Modeling - ANSWER - A therapist serves as role models for a client, who imitates
this modeling to improve behavior
-Example: modeling can occur in the acute care milieu to help clients improve
interpersonal skills. The therapist demonstrates appropriate behavior in a stressful
situation with the goal of having the client imitate the behavior.
Operant Conditioning - ANSWER - The client receives positive rewards for positive
behavior (positive reinforcement)
- Example: a client receives tokens for good behavior and he can exchange them for
a privilege of other items.
Systematic Desensitization - ANSWER - This therapy is the planned, progressive,
or graduated exposure to anxiety-provoking stimuli in real-life situations, or by
imagining events that cause anxiety. During exposure, the client uses relaxation
techniques to suppress anxiety response
- Example: systematic desensitization begins with the client mastering relaxation
techniques. Then, the client is exposed to increasing levels of the anxiety-producing
stimulus (either imagined or real) and uses relaxation to overcome anxiety. The
client is then able to tolerate a greater and greater level of the stimulus until anxiety
no longer interferes with functioning
- dealing with anxiety by reaching out to others
Example" a nurse who lost a family member in a fire is a volunteer firefighter
Sublimination - ANSWER - a healthy defense mechanism
- Dealing with unacceptable feelings or impulses by unconsciously substituting
acceptable forms of expression
Example: A person who has feelings of anger and hostility toward his work
supervisor sublimates those feelings by working out vigorously at the gym during his
lunch period
Suppression - ANSWER Voluntarily denying unpleasant thoughts and feelings
Example" a person who has lost his job states he will worry about paying his bills
next week
Repression - ANSWER Putting unacceptable ideas, thoughts, and emotions out of
conscious awareness
Example: A person who has a fear of the dentist's drill continually "forgets" his dental
appointments
Displacement - ANSWER -Shifting feelings related to an object, person, or situation
to another less threatening object, person, or situation
Example: a person who is angry about losing his job destroys his child's favorite toy
Reaction Formation - ANSWER - overcompensating or demonstrating the opposite
behavior of what is felt
Example: A person who dislikes her sister's daughter offers to babysit so that her
sister can go out of town
Undoing - ANSWER - Performing an act to make up for prior behavior
Example: An adolescent completes his chores without being prompted after having
an argument with his parent
Rationalization - ANSWER -Creating reasonable and acceptable explanations for
unacceptable behaviors
Example: A young adult explains he had to drive home from a part after drinking
alcohol because he had to feed his dog
Dissociation - ANSWER -Temporarily blocking memories and perceptions from
consciousness
Example: an adolescent witnesses a shooting and is unable to recall any details of
the event
Splitting - ANSWER -Demonstrating an inability to reconcile negative and positive
attributes of self or others
Example: a client tells a nurse that she is the only one who cares about her, yet the
following day the same client refuses to talk to the nurse
Projection - ANSWER - Blaming others for unacceptable thoughts and feelings
,Example: a young adult blames his substance use disorder on his parents' refusal to
buy him a new car
Denial - ANSWER - Pretending the truth is not reality to manage the anxiety of
acknowledging what is real
Example: A parent who is informed that his son was killed in combat tells everyone
he is coming home for the holidays
Therapeutic Nurse-Client Relationship - ANSWER -different from social and
intimate relationships
-purposeful and goal-directed
- well defined with clear boundaries
- structured to meet the CLIENT'S needs
- characterized by an interpersonal process that is safe, confidential, reliable, and
consistent
Transference - ANSWER - Transference occurs when the client views a member of
the health care team as having characteristics of another person who has been
significant to the client's personal life
- Example: a client may see a nurse as being like his mother, and thus may
demonstrate some of the same behaviors with the nurse as he demonstrated with
his mother
- Nursing Implications: a nurse should be aware that transference by a client is more
likely to occur with a person in authority
Countertransference - ANSWER - Countertransference occurs when a health care
team member displaces characteristics of people in her past onto a client
- Example: A nurse may feel defensive and angry with a client for no apparent
reason if the client reminds her of a friend who often elicited those feelings
- Nursing Implications: a nurse should be aware that clients who induce very strong
personal feelings may become objects of countertransference
Primary Prevention - ANSWER Primary Prevention promotes health and prevents
mental health problems from occurring.
Example: a nurse leads a group for parents of toddlers, discussing normal toddlers
behavior, and ways to promote healthy development
Secondary Prevention - ANSWER Secondary prevention focuses on early detection
of mental illness
Example: A nurse screens parents of children who have developmental disorders
Tertiary prevention - ANSWER Tertiary prevention focuses on rehabilitation and
prevention of further problems in client previously diagnosed
Example: A nurse leads a support group for clients who have completed a substance
use disorder program
Psychoanalysis - ANSWER Therapeutic process of assessing unconscious
thoughts and feelings and resolving conflict by talking to a psychoanalyst
, Therapeutic tools = free association (spontaneous, uncensored verbalization of
whatever comes to a client's mind), dream analysis and interpretation, transference,
use of defense mechanisms
Psychotherapy - ANSWER - More verbal therapist-to-client interaction than classic
psychoanalysis
- Uses same tools as psychoanalysis but focuses on client's present state, rather
than his early life
- Cognitive therapy = individual thoughts and behaviors to solve current problems by
changing a client's attitude toward life experiences
Behavioral Therapy - ANSWER - Changing behavior is key to treating problems,
such as anxiety or depressive disorders
- Based on the fact that behavior is learned and has consequences
- Teach client's ways to decrease anxiety or avoidant behavior and practice these
techniques
- Treats clients with phobias, substance use, or addictive disorders
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy - ANSWER - Uses both cognitive and behavioral
approach
- Example: dialectical behavior therapy is a CBT for clients with personality disorder
and exhibit self-injurious behavior. This focuses on gradual behavior changes and
provides acceptance and validation for these clients
Cognitive Reframing - ANSWER - Identify negative thoughts that produce anxiety,
examine the cause, and develop supportive ideas that replace negative self-talk
- Priority restructuring, monitoring thoughts, journal keeping
Modeling - ANSWER - A therapist serves as role models for a client, who imitates
this modeling to improve behavior
-Example: modeling can occur in the acute care milieu to help clients improve
interpersonal skills. The therapist demonstrates appropriate behavior in a stressful
situation with the goal of having the client imitate the behavior.
Operant Conditioning - ANSWER - The client receives positive rewards for positive
behavior (positive reinforcement)
- Example: a client receives tokens for good behavior and he can exchange them for
a privilege of other items.
Systematic Desensitization - ANSWER - This therapy is the planned, progressive,
or graduated exposure to anxiety-provoking stimuli in real-life situations, or by
imagining events that cause anxiety. During exposure, the client uses relaxation
techniques to suppress anxiety response
- Example: systematic desensitization begins with the client mastering relaxation
techniques. Then, the client is exposed to increasing levels of the anxiety-producing
stimulus (either imagined or real) and uses relaxation to overcome anxiety. The
client is then able to tolerate a greater and greater level of the stimulus until anxiety
no longer interferes with functioning
