TEST BANK For Pilbeams Mechanical Ventilation 8th Edition by
Cairo| Verified Chapter's 1 - 23 | Complete
spontaneous ventilation: - ANSWER:movement of air into and out of the lungs
respiration: - ANSWER:exchange of o2 and co2 between an organism and its
environment
two components of respiration: Internal & External - ANSWER:1. Internal: exchange
of oxygen and carbon dioxide between systemic capillaries & the cells of the body.
2. External: diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and
pulmonary capillaries
accessory muscles of inspiration: - ANSWER:scalene, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis,
trapezius
accessory muscles of expiration: - ANSWER:internal & external oblique, rectus
abdominus, transverse abdominal, serratus, latissimus dorsi
what must exist for air to flow through the airway? - ANSWER:pressure gradient (i.e.
air at one end of the tube must be higher than the other end)
_____ _________ change as a result of gas flow into and out of the airways caused
by a change in pressure gradient between the airway opening and alveoli. -
ANSWER:lung volumes
during spontaneous inspiration- - ANSWER:contraction of the inspiratory muscles
cause enlargement of the thorax resulting in a decrease (more negative) in
intrapleural and alveolar pressure.
during a quiet expiration- - ANSWER:relaxation of the inspiratory muscles cause a
decrease in thoracic volume (diaphragm & external intercostals return to their
resting state) and an increase in alveolar pressure.
at what point does bulk gas flow not occur because the pressures across the
conductive airways are equal (i.e. there is no pressure gradient)? - ANSWER:there is
no pressure gradient when the pressure at the airway opening and the pressure at
the alveoli are the same, as occurs at the end of expiration
1 mm Hg= _______ cm H2O? - ANSWER:1.36cm H2O
1 atm= ______ mm Hg= ______ cm H2O - ANSWER:760mm Hg, 1034cm H2O
, Airway opening pressure (Pawo) is most often called mouth pressure (Pm) or airway
pressure (Paw). Other terms that are often used to describe airway opening pressure
include: - ANSWER:upper airway pressure, mask pressure, and proximal airway
pressure.
(unless pressure is applied at the airway opening, Pawo is zero or atmospheric
pressure)
intrapleural pressure (Ppl): - ANSWER:pressure in the potential space between the
visceral and partial pleura. Ppl is normally about -5cm h20 at the end of expiration
and about -10cm h20 at the end of inspiration.
Ppl can be difficult to measure, so a related measurement is used, which is the
esophageal pressure (Pes), which is obtained by- - ANSWER:placing a balloon in the
esophagus; changes in the balloon pressure are used to estimate pressure and
pressure changes in the pleural space.
Transairway pressure (Pta): - ANSWER:airway pressure-alveolar pressure
Transpulmonary pressure (PL) OR Transalveolar pressure (Ptp): - ANSWER:alveolar
pressure-pleural pressure
Transrespiratory pressure (Ptr): - ANSWER:airway opening pressure-body surface
pressure
Elastic force vs. Frictional force: - ANSWER:Elastic forces arise from the elastic
properties of the lungs and chest wall; Frictional forces are the result of the
resistance of the tissues and organs as they become displayed during breathing and
the resistance to gas flow through the airways.
Compliance (C) & Elastance (e): - ANSWER:C=the relative ease with which the
structure distends;
e= the tendency of a structure to return to its original form after being stretched or
acted on by an outside force.
Compliance formula: - ANSWER:change in volume/change in pressure
for patients receiving mechanical ventilation, compliance measurement are made
during static or no-flow conditions(e.g. this is the airway pressure measured at the
end of inspiration; it is designated as the pplat). Thus these compliance
measurements are referred to as: - ANSWER:static compliance or static effective
compliance
(Cs= Vt/(pplat-eep))
(eep is end expiratory pressure, which some clinicians call baseline pressure. when a
patient is receiving peep, it is the eep value used in this calculation with static
compliance)
Cairo| Verified Chapter's 1 - 23 | Complete
spontaneous ventilation: - ANSWER:movement of air into and out of the lungs
respiration: - ANSWER:exchange of o2 and co2 between an organism and its
environment
two components of respiration: Internal & External - ANSWER:1. Internal: exchange
of oxygen and carbon dioxide between systemic capillaries & the cells of the body.
2. External: diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and
pulmonary capillaries
accessory muscles of inspiration: - ANSWER:scalene, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis,
trapezius
accessory muscles of expiration: - ANSWER:internal & external oblique, rectus
abdominus, transverse abdominal, serratus, latissimus dorsi
what must exist for air to flow through the airway? - ANSWER:pressure gradient (i.e.
air at one end of the tube must be higher than the other end)
_____ _________ change as a result of gas flow into and out of the airways caused
by a change in pressure gradient between the airway opening and alveoli. -
ANSWER:lung volumes
during spontaneous inspiration- - ANSWER:contraction of the inspiratory muscles
cause enlargement of the thorax resulting in a decrease (more negative) in
intrapleural and alveolar pressure.
during a quiet expiration- - ANSWER:relaxation of the inspiratory muscles cause a
decrease in thoracic volume (diaphragm & external intercostals return to their
resting state) and an increase in alveolar pressure.
at what point does bulk gas flow not occur because the pressures across the
conductive airways are equal (i.e. there is no pressure gradient)? - ANSWER:there is
no pressure gradient when the pressure at the airway opening and the pressure at
the alveoli are the same, as occurs at the end of expiration
1 mm Hg= _______ cm H2O? - ANSWER:1.36cm H2O
1 atm= ______ mm Hg= ______ cm H2O - ANSWER:760mm Hg, 1034cm H2O
, Airway opening pressure (Pawo) is most often called mouth pressure (Pm) or airway
pressure (Paw). Other terms that are often used to describe airway opening pressure
include: - ANSWER:upper airway pressure, mask pressure, and proximal airway
pressure.
(unless pressure is applied at the airway opening, Pawo is zero or atmospheric
pressure)
intrapleural pressure (Ppl): - ANSWER:pressure in the potential space between the
visceral and partial pleura. Ppl is normally about -5cm h20 at the end of expiration
and about -10cm h20 at the end of inspiration.
Ppl can be difficult to measure, so a related measurement is used, which is the
esophageal pressure (Pes), which is obtained by- - ANSWER:placing a balloon in the
esophagus; changes in the balloon pressure are used to estimate pressure and
pressure changes in the pleural space.
Transairway pressure (Pta): - ANSWER:airway pressure-alveolar pressure
Transpulmonary pressure (PL) OR Transalveolar pressure (Ptp): - ANSWER:alveolar
pressure-pleural pressure
Transrespiratory pressure (Ptr): - ANSWER:airway opening pressure-body surface
pressure
Elastic force vs. Frictional force: - ANSWER:Elastic forces arise from the elastic
properties of the lungs and chest wall; Frictional forces are the result of the
resistance of the tissues and organs as they become displayed during breathing and
the resistance to gas flow through the airways.
Compliance (C) & Elastance (e): - ANSWER:C=the relative ease with which the
structure distends;
e= the tendency of a structure to return to its original form after being stretched or
acted on by an outside force.
Compliance formula: - ANSWER:change in volume/change in pressure
for patients receiving mechanical ventilation, compliance measurement are made
during static or no-flow conditions(e.g. this is the airway pressure measured at the
end of inspiration; it is designated as the pplat). Thus these compliance
measurements are referred to as: - ANSWER:static compliance or static effective
compliance
(Cs= Vt/(pplat-eep))
(eep is end expiratory pressure, which some clinicians call baseline pressure. when a
patient is receiving peep, it is the eep value used in this calculation with static
compliance)
