TEST BANK For Katzung's Basic and Clinical Pharmacology,
16th Edition By {Todd W. Vanderah, 2024,} Verified Chapters 1
- 66, Complete Newest Version
What are the four processes of pharmacokinetics? - ANSWER: Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism/Biotransformation
Excretion
What are the three main routes of medication administration - ANSWER: Enteral
Parenteral
Topical
What are some mechanisms for drug passage across membranes? - ANSWER:
passive Diffusion
facilitated diffusion
active transport
pinocytosis
What is passive diffusion? - ANSWER: higher concentration to lower concentration
driving force is drug concentration
utilized by a majority of drugs
How is facilitated diffusion different from passive diffusion? - ANSWER: it's a carrier
mediated transport process
the carrier advances movement of the drug down an electrochemical gradient
Does facilitated diffusion require energy? - ANSWER: No
What are some features of active transport? - ANSWER: Requires a carrier
Consumes energy
Against a concentration gradient
Selective
Subject to competitive inhibition
What is pinocytosis - ANSWER: cell membrane folds over forming vesicles
extracellular contents are trapped in the vesicle for passage
what is absorption - ANSWER: the movement of a drug from its site of administration
to the systemic circulation and the extent to which it occurs
What is bioavailability - ANSWER: a measure of the amount of drug that is actually
absorbed from a given dose;
the degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue
after administration
, what factors influence bioavailability - ANSWER: blood flow (fat vs. muscle)
First pass effect
What is distribution - ANSWER: the process by which a drug, now in circulation is
delivered en mass to the tissue
what factors influence distribution - ANSWER: based on CO to the tissue - brain,
heart, lungs, liver and kidneys receive disproportionally high amounts first
what are compartment models and what are they used for - ANSWER: a
compartment model is a conceptual division of the body that quantitates drug
absorption, distribution, and elimination
it's used to predict a time course of drug concentrations in the body
what form of the drug is the active form - free or bound - ANSWER: free, unbound
drug is active
are drugs that are bound to proteins distributed? - ANSWER: Protein bound drugs
are not distributed and are inactive
what is the volume of distribution? - ANSWER: it's the volume of fluid to which a
drug is distributed, A large Vd indicates extensive drug distribution into body tissues
and fluids, and indicates a longer half-life and duration of action
a small Vd indicates limited distribution - most likely plasma compartment only
explain redistribution - ANSWER: as concentrations in the blood fall (due to tissue
uptake or discontinued infusion), drug concentration in the tissues is higher than in
the plasma
drug is released back into plasma until it equilibrates
What ways are drugs eliminated? - ANSWER: excretion
metabolism
what organs eliminate drugs? - ANSWER: liver
kidneys
other structures, such as lungs, stomach, small intestines, skin, plasma, can all assist.
Which drugs are excreted unchanged via urine/stool?
a. Hydrophilic
b. Lipophilic - ANSWER: Hydrophilic - drugs that are not hydrophilic must be
converted/modified to become more hydrophilic to be excreted
What is the purpose of Phase I reactions - ANSWER: Conversion of a molecule to a
more polar structure
16th Edition By {Todd W. Vanderah, 2024,} Verified Chapters 1
- 66, Complete Newest Version
What are the four processes of pharmacokinetics? - ANSWER: Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism/Biotransformation
Excretion
What are the three main routes of medication administration - ANSWER: Enteral
Parenteral
Topical
What are some mechanisms for drug passage across membranes? - ANSWER:
passive Diffusion
facilitated diffusion
active transport
pinocytosis
What is passive diffusion? - ANSWER: higher concentration to lower concentration
driving force is drug concentration
utilized by a majority of drugs
How is facilitated diffusion different from passive diffusion? - ANSWER: it's a carrier
mediated transport process
the carrier advances movement of the drug down an electrochemical gradient
Does facilitated diffusion require energy? - ANSWER: No
What are some features of active transport? - ANSWER: Requires a carrier
Consumes energy
Against a concentration gradient
Selective
Subject to competitive inhibition
What is pinocytosis - ANSWER: cell membrane folds over forming vesicles
extracellular contents are trapped in the vesicle for passage
what is absorption - ANSWER: the movement of a drug from its site of administration
to the systemic circulation and the extent to which it occurs
What is bioavailability - ANSWER: a measure of the amount of drug that is actually
absorbed from a given dose;
the degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue
after administration
, what factors influence bioavailability - ANSWER: blood flow (fat vs. muscle)
First pass effect
What is distribution - ANSWER: the process by which a drug, now in circulation is
delivered en mass to the tissue
what factors influence distribution - ANSWER: based on CO to the tissue - brain,
heart, lungs, liver and kidneys receive disproportionally high amounts first
what are compartment models and what are they used for - ANSWER: a
compartment model is a conceptual division of the body that quantitates drug
absorption, distribution, and elimination
it's used to predict a time course of drug concentrations in the body
what form of the drug is the active form - free or bound - ANSWER: free, unbound
drug is active
are drugs that are bound to proteins distributed? - ANSWER: Protein bound drugs
are not distributed and are inactive
what is the volume of distribution? - ANSWER: it's the volume of fluid to which a
drug is distributed, A large Vd indicates extensive drug distribution into body tissues
and fluids, and indicates a longer half-life and duration of action
a small Vd indicates limited distribution - most likely plasma compartment only
explain redistribution - ANSWER: as concentrations in the blood fall (due to tissue
uptake or discontinued infusion), drug concentration in the tissues is higher than in
the plasma
drug is released back into plasma until it equilibrates
What ways are drugs eliminated? - ANSWER: excretion
metabolism
what organs eliminate drugs? - ANSWER: liver
kidneys
other structures, such as lungs, stomach, small intestines, skin, plasma, can all assist.
Which drugs are excreted unchanged via urine/stool?
a. Hydrophilic
b. Lipophilic - ANSWER: Hydrophilic - drugs that are not hydrophilic must be
converted/modified to become more hydrophilic to be excreted
What is the purpose of Phase I reactions - ANSWER: Conversion of a molecule to a
more polar structure
