BIOS251 / BIOS 251 (Latest Update 2024 /
2025) Anatomy & Physiology I with Lab |
Review Questions with Verified Answers
| 100% Correct | Grade A - Chamberlain
,Name five fundamental characteristics shared by all living organism. - CORRECT
ANSWERS-1. Cells
2. Energy consumption
3. Information
4. Replication
5. Evolutionary adaptation
Describe the two components of cell theory. - CORRECT ANSWERS-1. All living things
are made up of cell or cells.
2. Cells come from other cells.
Define energy, and describe the major forms it can take. Understand in what way
chemical bonds can be considered a form of energy. - CORRECT ANSWERS-Energy is
the capacity to do work or to supply heat. Potential energy- may be stored. Kinetic
energy- may be available in the form of motion. When chemical bonds are formed,
energy is released. The internal energy of the system goes down
Explain, both in mathematical terms and in plain English, how changes in entropy and
potential energy determine whether or not a reaction is spontaneous. Understand under
what conditions a nonspontaneous reaction can occur. - CORRECT ANSWERS-
ΔG(ibbs free energy) = ΔH (enthalpy) - T ΔS (entropy)
If ΔG is negative (big loss of potential energy, and/or big gain of disorder): the reaction
is Exergonic (Exit of energy). SPONTANEOUS
If ΔG is positive (big gain of potential energy, and/or big loss of disorder): the reaction is
Endergonic (Input of energy). NOT SPONTANEOUS
,Explain and give examples of why proteins are essential to cell function. - CORRECT
ANSWERS--Enzyme Catalysis (chemistry)
-Cell receptors (signalling and immune response)
-Transport (food uptake, e.g.)
-Support (cell/organism structure)
-Motion (muscles, flagella)
-Regulation (gene expression)
Sketch the basic structure of an amino acid, and describe why and how the side chains
affect the function and structure of each amino acid. - CORRECT ANSWERS-Structure:
Central carbon atom bonded to an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), a
hydrogen atom and in the 4th position, a side group (R-Group). The side chain is the
chemical identity to the amino acid and extends out from the backbone, making it
possible for them to interact with each other and with water. (Visual representation: slide
4)
Sketch a nucleotide, label its three basic parts, and identify the 2', 3', and 5' carbons. -
CORRECT ANSWERS-A nucleotide has a sugar or deoxyribose group, a phosphate
that is attached on the 5' carbon and an organic nitrogenous base which is attached to
the 3' carbon. Ribose has an -OH on the 2' carbon, Deoxyribose has a H' on the 2'
carbon.
Describe the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of RNA, and
explain in what ways RNA differs from DNA. - CORRECT ANSWERS-RNA's primary
structure consists of a sequence of nitrogen-containing bases that contain information in
the form of a molecular code. Its secondary structure includes short double helixes and
structures called hairpins that holds RNA strands together. Its tertiary and quaternary
structures that fold secondary structures into complex shapes or hold different RNA
strands together. RNA has Uracil instead of Thymine, it is single stranded, its ribose has
an extra -OH group, and it acts as a transcript of DNA expression. Also, DNA does not
have a tertiary and quaternary structure.
Explain why and how the secondary structure of DNA allows organisms to store and
copy information. - CORRECT ANSWERS-Complementary base pairing allows each
strand of a DNA molecule to be copied exactly, producing two daughter molecules.
DNA's primary structure serves as a mold or template for the synthesis of a
complementary strand and DNA contains the information required for a copy of itself to
be made
Explain why RNA, and not DNA, was probably the first self-replicating molecule, and
describe at least one piece of experimental evidence that supports this hypothesis. -
CORRECT ANSWERS-To make a copy of itself, the first living organism had to provide
a template that could be copied and catalyze polymerization reactions that would link
monomers into a copy of that template. RNA is capable of both.
, One experimental evidence is by Wendy Johnston and David Bartel. They found that
ribozymes isolated in each round are copied, the molecules that result are not identical
in terms of their primary sequence because mutations were introduced during the
copying step. By isolating the best enzyme and copying them in the next round, they
continually selected ribozymes that were more efficient. This was to mimic the process
of natural selection
List the features shared by all carbohydrates. - CORRECT ANSWERS-A molecule
made up of a bunch of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. These atoms are arranged in a
few specific ways: they have a carbon atom that's bonded to a carbonyl group (>C=O),
several hydroxyl functional groups (-OH), and many C-H bonds.
Sketch several representative monosaccharides, illustrating three ways in which
monosaccharides can differ from one another. - CORRECT ANSWERS-
Monosaccharide have a carbonyl group at various locations , several hydroxyl functional
groups at various locations, and many carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds (energy). Linear
form, ring form, alpha vs beta form.
Give examples of the four major functions that carbohydrates can perform in cells (raw
materials, structure, cell identity, and chemical energy storage). - CORRECT
ANSWERS-Raw materials: Sugars frequently furnish the raw "carbon skeletons" that
are used as a building blocks in the synthesis of important molecules. Amino acids use
sugars as a starting point.
Structure: Cellulose and chitin, along with modified polysaccharide peptidoglycan, are
key to structural compounds. They form fibers that give cells and organisms strength
and elasticity.
Cell identity: Enormous number of structurally distinct monosaccharides make it
possible for an enormous number of unique oligosaccharides to exist. As a result, each
cell type and each species can display a unique identity
Chemical energy storage: Kinetic energy in sunlight is converted to chemical energy
stored in bonds of carbohydrates by photosynthesis.
Sketch a phospholipid's molecular structure, and explain why phospholipids
spontaneously form bilayers in water. - CORRECT ANSWERS-Phospholipids have
polar ends and nonpolar tails. The hydrophobic tails on the phospholipid molecules
react with one another, and are repelled by water. The polar head groups on the
phospholipids are hydrophilic and react with water. For these reasons, the
phospholipids organize themselves in such a way as to maximize the hydrophobic and
hydrophilic interactions. The form that accomplishes this the best is a bilayer.
Predict which way a certain substance will diffuse, given its concentration on either side
of a selectively permeable membrane. - CORRECT ANSWERS-If a solution is
hypertonic (the solution surrounding the cell has higher concentration of solutes) water
2025) Anatomy & Physiology I with Lab |
Review Questions with Verified Answers
| 100% Correct | Grade A - Chamberlain
,Name five fundamental characteristics shared by all living organism. - CORRECT
ANSWERS-1. Cells
2. Energy consumption
3. Information
4. Replication
5. Evolutionary adaptation
Describe the two components of cell theory. - CORRECT ANSWERS-1. All living things
are made up of cell or cells.
2. Cells come from other cells.
Define energy, and describe the major forms it can take. Understand in what way
chemical bonds can be considered a form of energy. - CORRECT ANSWERS-Energy is
the capacity to do work or to supply heat. Potential energy- may be stored. Kinetic
energy- may be available in the form of motion. When chemical bonds are formed,
energy is released. The internal energy of the system goes down
Explain, both in mathematical terms and in plain English, how changes in entropy and
potential energy determine whether or not a reaction is spontaneous. Understand under
what conditions a nonspontaneous reaction can occur. - CORRECT ANSWERS-
ΔG(ibbs free energy) = ΔH (enthalpy) - T ΔS (entropy)
If ΔG is negative (big loss of potential energy, and/or big gain of disorder): the reaction
is Exergonic (Exit of energy). SPONTANEOUS
If ΔG is positive (big gain of potential energy, and/or big loss of disorder): the reaction is
Endergonic (Input of energy). NOT SPONTANEOUS
,Explain and give examples of why proteins are essential to cell function. - CORRECT
ANSWERS--Enzyme Catalysis (chemistry)
-Cell receptors (signalling and immune response)
-Transport (food uptake, e.g.)
-Support (cell/organism structure)
-Motion (muscles, flagella)
-Regulation (gene expression)
Sketch the basic structure of an amino acid, and describe why and how the side chains
affect the function and structure of each amino acid. - CORRECT ANSWERS-Structure:
Central carbon atom bonded to an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), a
hydrogen atom and in the 4th position, a side group (R-Group). The side chain is the
chemical identity to the amino acid and extends out from the backbone, making it
possible for them to interact with each other and with water. (Visual representation: slide
4)
Sketch a nucleotide, label its three basic parts, and identify the 2', 3', and 5' carbons. -
CORRECT ANSWERS-A nucleotide has a sugar or deoxyribose group, a phosphate
that is attached on the 5' carbon and an organic nitrogenous base which is attached to
the 3' carbon. Ribose has an -OH on the 2' carbon, Deoxyribose has a H' on the 2'
carbon.
Describe the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of RNA, and
explain in what ways RNA differs from DNA. - CORRECT ANSWERS-RNA's primary
structure consists of a sequence of nitrogen-containing bases that contain information in
the form of a molecular code. Its secondary structure includes short double helixes and
structures called hairpins that holds RNA strands together. Its tertiary and quaternary
structures that fold secondary structures into complex shapes or hold different RNA
strands together. RNA has Uracil instead of Thymine, it is single stranded, its ribose has
an extra -OH group, and it acts as a transcript of DNA expression. Also, DNA does not
have a tertiary and quaternary structure.
Explain why and how the secondary structure of DNA allows organisms to store and
copy information. - CORRECT ANSWERS-Complementary base pairing allows each
strand of a DNA molecule to be copied exactly, producing two daughter molecules.
DNA's primary structure serves as a mold or template for the synthesis of a
complementary strand and DNA contains the information required for a copy of itself to
be made
Explain why RNA, and not DNA, was probably the first self-replicating molecule, and
describe at least one piece of experimental evidence that supports this hypothesis. -
CORRECT ANSWERS-To make a copy of itself, the first living organism had to provide
a template that could be copied and catalyze polymerization reactions that would link
monomers into a copy of that template. RNA is capable of both.
, One experimental evidence is by Wendy Johnston and David Bartel. They found that
ribozymes isolated in each round are copied, the molecules that result are not identical
in terms of their primary sequence because mutations were introduced during the
copying step. By isolating the best enzyme and copying them in the next round, they
continually selected ribozymes that were more efficient. This was to mimic the process
of natural selection
List the features shared by all carbohydrates. - CORRECT ANSWERS-A molecule
made up of a bunch of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. These atoms are arranged in a
few specific ways: they have a carbon atom that's bonded to a carbonyl group (>C=O),
several hydroxyl functional groups (-OH), and many C-H bonds.
Sketch several representative monosaccharides, illustrating three ways in which
monosaccharides can differ from one another. - CORRECT ANSWERS-
Monosaccharide have a carbonyl group at various locations , several hydroxyl functional
groups at various locations, and many carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds (energy). Linear
form, ring form, alpha vs beta form.
Give examples of the four major functions that carbohydrates can perform in cells (raw
materials, structure, cell identity, and chemical energy storage). - CORRECT
ANSWERS-Raw materials: Sugars frequently furnish the raw "carbon skeletons" that
are used as a building blocks in the synthesis of important molecules. Amino acids use
sugars as a starting point.
Structure: Cellulose and chitin, along with modified polysaccharide peptidoglycan, are
key to structural compounds. They form fibers that give cells and organisms strength
and elasticity.
Cell identity: Enormous number of structurally distinct monosaccharides make it
possible for an enormous number of unique oligosaccharides to exist. As a result, each
cell type and each species can display a unique identity
Chemical energy storage: Kinetic energy in sunlight is converted to chemical energy
stored in bonds of carbohydrates by photosynthesis.
Sketch a phospholipid's molecular structure, and explain why phospholipids
spontaneously form bilayers in water. - CORRECT ANSWERS-Phospholipids have
polar ends and nonpolar tails. The hydrophobic tails on the phospholipid molecules
react with one another, and are repelled by water. The polar head groups on the
phospholipids are hydrophilic and react with water. For these reasons, the
phospholipids organize themselves in such a way as to maximize the hydrophobic and
hydrophilic interactions. The form that accomplishes this the best is a bilayer.
Predict which way a certain substance will diffuse, given its concentration on either side
of a selectively permeable membrane. - CORRECT ANSWERS-If a solution is
hypertonic (the solution surrounding the cell has higher concentration of solutes) water
