Chapter 18 Tortora Anatomy and
Physiology Exam Q&A | 100% Solved
Hormone - ✔✔mediator molecule that is released in one part of the body
but regulates the activity of cells in other parts of the body
functions of hormones - ✔✔-regulate chemical composition and volume of
interstitial fluid, metabolism and energy balance, smooth and cardiac
contractions, and some immune activity
-control growth and development
-regulate operations of reproductive systems
-establish circadian rhythms
exocrine gland - ✔✔secrete products into ducts that carry the secretions
into body cavities, into the lumen of an organ, or to the outer surface of the
body
ex. sudoriferous, sebaceous, mucous, digestive glands
endocrine gland - ✔✔secrete their product into the interstitial fluid
surrounding the secretory cells > diffuse into blood capillaries where blood
carries them to target cells.
,Components of the endocrine system - ✔✔pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid,
adrenal, and pineal glands
hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, ovaries, testes, kidneys, stomach, liver,
small intestine, skin, heart, adipose tissue, and placenta
endocrinology - ✔✔science of the structures and function of the endocrine
glands and the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the endocrine
system
down-regulation - ✔✔decrease in number of target-cell receptors due to
presence of excess hormone
Makes target cell less sensitive to a hormone
up-regulation - ✔✔increase in number of target-cell receptors due to
absence of hormone
Makes target cell more sensitive to a hormone
circulating hormone - ✔✔pass from the secretory cells that make them into
interstitial fluid and then into blood
local hormones - ✔✔act locally on neighboring cells or on the same cell
that secreted them w/o entering bloodstream
ex. IL-2 and nitric oxide (NO)
inactivated quickly
, paracrines - ✔✔local hormones that act on neighboring cells
autocrines - ✔✔hormones that act on the same cell that secreted them
two kinds of hormones - ✔✔1. lipid soluble
2. water soluble
lipid soluble hormones - ✔✔1.steroid hormones
2. thyroid hormones
3.NO
Water soluble hormones - ✔✔1. amine hormones
2.peptide and protein hormones
3. eicosanoid hormones
3 functions of transport proteins - ✔✔1.make lipid-soluble hormones
temporarily water soluble (increases blood solubility)
2.slow kidney filtering, slows hormone loss through urine
3.ready reserve of hormones already present in bloodstream
free fraction - ✔✔.1-10% of molecules of lipid-soluble hormone are not
bound to a transport protein
diffuses out of capillaries, binds to receptors, and triggers responses
Action of lipid-soluble hormones - ✔✔bind to receptors within the target
cells
Physiology Exam Q&A | 100% Solved
Hormone - ✔✔mediator molecule that is released in one part of the body
but regulates the activity of cells in other parts of the body
functions of hormones - ✔✔-regulate chemical composition and volume of
interstitial fluid, metabolism and energy balance, smooth and cardiac
contractions, and some immune activity
-control growth and development
-regulate operations of reproductive systems
-establish circadian rhythms
exocrine gland - ✔✔secrete products into ducts that carry the secretions
into body cavities, into the lumen of an organ, or to the outer surface of the
body
ex. sudoriferous, sebaceous, mucous, digestive glands
endocrine gland - ✔✔secrete their product into the interstitial fluid
surrounding the secretory cells > diffuse into blood capillaries where blood
carries them to target cells.
,Components of the endocrine system - ✔✔pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid,
adrenal, and pineal glands
hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, ovaries, testes, kidneys, stomach, liver,
small intestine, skin, heart, adipose tissue, and placenta
endocrinology - ✔✔science of the structures and function of the endocrine
glands and the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the endocrine
system
down-regulation - ✔✔decrease in number of target-cell receptors due to
presence of excess hormone
Makes target cell less sensitive to a hormone
up-regulation - ✔✔increase in number of target-cell receptors due to
absence of hormone
Makes target cell more sensitive to a hormone
circulating hormone - ✔✔pass from the secretory cells that make them into
interstitial fluid and then into blood
local hormones - ✔✔act locally on neighboring cells or on the same cell
that secreted them w/o entering bloodstream
ex. IL-2 and nitric oxide (NO)
inactivated quickly
, paracrines - ✔✔local hormones that act on neighboring cells
autocrines - ✔✔hormones that act on the same cell that secreted them
two kinds of hormones - ✔✔1. lipid soluble
2. water soluble
lipid soluble hormones - ✔✔1.steroid hormones
2. thyroid hormones
3.NO
Water soluble hormones - ✔✔1. amine hormones
2.peptide and protein hormones
3. eicosanoid hormones
3 functions of transport proteins - ✔✔1.make lipid-soluble hormones
temporarily water soluble (increases blood solubility)
2.slow kidney filtering, slows hormone loss through urine
3.ready reserve of hormones already present in bloodstream
free fraction - ✔✔.1-10% of molecules of lipid-soluble hormone are not
bound to a transport protein
diffuses out of capillaries, binds to receptors, and triggers responses
Action of lipid-soluble hormones - ✔✔bind to receptors within the target
cells
