PTA NPTE EXAM (CARDIOVASCULAR/PULMONARY)
Apex - Answers -lowest part of heart formed by inferolateral part of the left ventricle
Base - Answers -Upper border of heart involving the LA, RA, and proximal greater
vessels
Endocardium - Answers -Endothelial tissues lining the interior chambers and valves
Myocardium - Answers -Thick contractile Middle layer of muscle cells that form the bulk
of the wall
Epicardium - Answers -Serous layer of pericardium that contains epicardial coronary
arteries and veins, autonomic nerves, and lymphatics
Pericardium - Answers -Double walled connective tissue sac that surrounds the outside
of the heart and the great vessels
Aorta - Answers -Largest artery and central conduit of blood from the heart to the body.
Begins in the upper left ventricle, descends into the thorax (thoracic aorta), then into the
abdominal cavity ( abdominal aorta)
Superior vena cava - Answers -Vein returns venous blood from the head neck arms to
the R atrium
Inferior vena cava - Answers -Veinr eturns blood from the lower body to RA
Pulmonary Arteries - Answers -carry deoxygenated blood to the R ventricle and L and R
lungs
Pulmonary veins - Answers -Cary oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
Preload - Answers -Tension in the ventricular walls at the end of diastole. Reflects
venous filling pressure that fills the left ventricle during diastole
Afterload - Answers -Forces that impede blood flow out of the heart
ex. viscocity of blood, compliance of aorta
Stroke Volume + norms - Answers -Volume of blood ejected from the Left Ventricle
Normal is 60-80 ml
Cardiac output + norms - Answers -Amount of blood pumped from the L or R ventricle
per minute.
SV x HR = CO
, normal is 4.5-5L for men, can increase to 25ml during exercise
Venous return - Answers -Blood returning to the R atrium each minute similar to value
of CO
White Blood Cells Types - Answers -Neutrophils: Help protect body agianst infections
by ingesting bacteria
Lymphocytes: 3 kinds,T that are natural killer cells agianst viral infections and cancer
cells, B lympcytes that produce antibodies
Monocytes: Ingest dead or damaged cells
Eosinophils: killes paracytes, cancer cells, involved with allergic responses
Basophils: involved in allergic responses
Aneurysm - Answers -A dilation of a blood vessel usually an artery
Etiology: Congenital Defect, weakness in the wall of the vessel due to chronic
hypertension, connective tissue disease (marfan syndrome), trauma, infection
Sxs: Vary based on site, Aortic Aneurysms are asymptomatic but may include LBP or
abdominal pain, Abdominal aortic aneurysms can cause pulsations near navel, cerebral
aneurysm may be sudden headache, nausea and vomiting, stiff neck, seizure
Tx: Antihypertensive medications for HTN, surgery for large aortic aneurysms
Angina Pectoris - Answers -A Pain in the chest due to pressure or discomfort resulting
from myocaridal ischemia,
Stable Angina-Occurs at predictable level of exertion, exercise or stress and responds
to rest or nitroglycerine
Unstable Angina: Usually is more intense, lasts longer, is caused by less exertions,
occurs spontaneously at rest, is progressive
Prinzmetal (variant) Angina: Due to coronary artery spasm due to coronary artery
diesease
Etiology: Inadequete blood flow and oxygenation of the heart due to coronary artery
disease
Sxs: Pressure,, heaviness, squeezing, burning in the sternum or neck jaw shoulders
arms, heaviness breathing, vomiting, sweating, angina, triggered by exertion or stress
Apex - Answers -lowest part of heart formed by inferolateral part of the left ventricle
Base - Answers -Upper border of heart involving the LA, RA, and proximal greater
vessels
Endocardium - Answers -Endothelial tissues lining the interior chambers and valves
Myocardium - Answers -Thick contractile Middle layer of muscle cells that form the bulk
of the wall
Epicardium - Answers -Serous layer of pericardium that contains epicardial coronary
arteries and veins, autonomic nerves, and lymphatics
Pericardium - Answers -Double walled connective tissue sac that surrounds the outside
of the heart and the great vessels
Aorta - Answers -Largest artery and central conduit of blood from the heart to the body.
Begins in the upper left ventricle, descends into the thorax (thoracic aorta), then into the
abdominal cavity ( abdominal aorta)
Superior vena cava - Answers -Vein returns venous blood from the head neck arms to
the R atrium
Inferior vena cava - Answers -Veinr eturns blood from the lower body to RA
Pulmonary Arteries - Answers -carry deoxygenated blood to the R ventricle and L and R
lungs
Pulmonary veins - Answers -Cary oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
Preload - Answers -Tension in the ventricular walls at the end of diastole. Reflects
venous filling pressure that fills the left ventricle during diastole
Afterload - Answers -Forces that impede blood flow out of the heart
ex. viscocity of blood, compliance of aorta
Stroke Volume + norms - Answers -Volume of blood ejected from the Left Ventricle
Normal is 60-80 ml
Cardiac output + norms - Answers -Amount of blood pumped from the L or R ventricle
per minute.
SV x HR = CO
, normal is 4.5-5L for men, can increase to 25ml during exercise
Venous return - Answers -Blood returning to the R atrium each minute similar to value
of CO
White Blood Cells Types - Answers -Neutrophils: Help protect body agianst infections
by ingesting bacteria
Lymphocytes: 3 kinds,T that are natural killer cells agianst viral infections and cancer
cells, B lympcytes that produce antibodies
Monocytes: Ingest dead or damaged cells
Eosinophils: killes paracytes, cancer cells, involved with allergic responses
Basophils: involved in allergic responses
Aneurysm - Answers -A dilation of a blood vessel usually an artery
Etiology: Congenital Defect, weakness in the wall of the vessel due to chronic
hypertension, connective tissue disease (marfan syndrome), trauma, infection
Sxs: Vary based on site, Aortic Aneurysms are asymptomatic but may include LBP or
abdominal pain, Abdominal aortic aneurysms can cause pulsations near navel, cerebral
aneurysm may be sudden headache, nausea and vomiting, stiff neck, seizure
Tx: Antihypertensive medications for HTN, surgery for large aortic aneurysms
Angina Pectoris - Answers -A Pain in the chest due to pressure or discomfort resulting
from myocaridal ischemia,
Stable Angina-Occurs at predictable level of exertion, exercise or stress and responds
to rest or nitroglycerine
Unstable Angina: Usually is more intense, lasts longer, is caused by less exertions,
occurs spontaneously at rest, is progressive
Prinzmetal (variant) Angina: Due to coronary artery spasm due to coronary artery
diesease
Etiology: Inadequete blood flow and oxygenation of the heart due to coronary artery
disease
Sxs: Pressure,, heaviness, squeezing, burning in the sternum or neck jaw shoulders
arms, heaviness breathing, vomiting, sweating, angina, triggered by exertion or stress
