BIO 669 STUDY GUIDE QUIZ Q&A
Varicose veins - answer-vein in which blood has pooled producing distended, tortous,
palpable vesseks
-caused by trauma or gradual vein distention
Risk factors-female, family hx, fat, pregnant, dvt, prior leg injury
Chronic venous insufficiency - answer-inadequate venous return over a long period due
to varicose veins or valvular incompetence
-can lead to venous stasis ulcer
Thrombus formation - answer-obstruction of venous flow leading to increased venous
pressure
-3 factors (triad of virchow) promote thrombosis=
1)venous stasis 2)venous endothelial damage
3)hypercoaguable states
-usually occurs in lower extremities & is asymptomatic
Superior vena cava syndrome - answer-progressive occlusion of svc that leads to
venous distention in upper extremities & head
-causes=tumors of lymphatics or bronchus
-a low pressure vessel
Htn - answer-consistent elevation of systemic arterial bp
-systolic >140
-diastolic > 90
Primary htn - answer-most common, aka essential or idiopathic
-genetic & environmental factors
-sns causes increased hr & vasoconstriction which increase bp
-overactive raas causes na & water retention, increased vascular resistance, insulin
resistance & platelet aggregation
-decreased renal excretion of salt=pressure-natriuresis relationship
Secondary htn - answer-caused my systemic disease process that raises peripheral
vascular resistance or cardiac output
Examples=renal disease, adrenocorticoid tumors, adrenamedullary tumors, or drugs
Complicated htn - answer-chronic damage to blood vessels & tissues leading to target
organ damage in heart, kidneys, brain, & eyes
Malignant htn - answer-htn crisis
-rapidly progressing htn when diastolic is >140
-will cause cerebral encephalopathy & life threatening organ damage if not fixed
Tx of htn - answer-loop or thiazide diuretics, ace or arb inhibitors, ca channel blockers
, -no longer beta blockers b/c they have a higher rate of stroke than those drugs
Orthostatic hypotension - answer-decrease in systolic & distolic bp among standing up
-lack normal bp compensation in response to gravitational changes on the circulation
Acute & chronic orthostatic hypotension - answer-acute=elderly at increased risk b/d
decreased thrist mechanisms. Causes=drugs, prolonged immoblilty, starvation,
exhaustion, dehydration/volume depletion, venous pooling
Chronic-causes=dm, endocrine d/o, metabolic d/o, cns or pns d/o, cerebral infarcts,
parkinsons, autonomic neuropathy=most common cause
Aneurysm - answer-localized dilation or outpouching of a vessel wall or cardiac
chamber
-can be thoracic or abdominal or can occur in cerebral circle of willis
-most common=abdominal
Causes=atherosclerosis or htn
-can lead to aortic dissection or rupture
True aneurysm - answer-involves all 3 layers of wall
-weakening of vessel wall
-can be fisuform or circumferential (circular) or saccular (spherical)
False aneurysm - answer-extravascular hematoma (outside of vessel) that penetrates &
communicated w/intravascular space
Thrombus formation - answer-blood clot that remains attached to the vessel wall
-risk factors=injury/inflammation, obstruction of flow, stasis/pooling
Can have arterial or venous thrombus
Embolism - answer-obstruction of blood flow by a blous of matter circulating in the
bloodstream
-can be dislodged thrombus, air bubble, fat embolism, bacteria, ca cell, or foreign
substance
Thromboangitis obliterans (buergers disease) - answer-inflammatory disease of
peripheral arteries
-strongly associated w/smoking
-formation of thrombi filled w/immune & inflammatory cells
-overtime thrombi become organized & fibrotic leading to permanent occlusion &
obliteration of portions of small & medium sized arteries of feet & hands
-autoimmune d/o
Raynaud phenomenon - answer-episodic vasospasm attacks in small arteries of fingers
& toes
Primary-unknown cause
Varicose veins - answer-vein in which blood has pooled producing distended, tortous,
palpable vesseks
-caused by trauma or gradual vein distention
Risk factors-female, family hx, fat, pregnant, dvt, prior leg injury
Chronic venous insufficiency - answer-inadequate venous return over a long period due
to varicose veins or valvular incompetence
-can lead to venous stasis ulcer
Thrombus formation - answer-obstruction of venous flow leading to increased venous
pressure
-3 factors (triad of virchow) promote thrombosis=
1)venous stasis 2)venous endothelial damage
3)hypercoaguable states
-usually occurs in lower extremities & is asymptomatic
Superior vena cava syndrome - answer-progressive occlusion of svc that leads to
venous distention in upper extremities & head
-causes=tumors of lymphatics or bronchus
-a low pressure vessel
Htn - answer-consistent elevation of systemic arterial bp
-systolic >140
-diastolic > 90
Primary htn - answer-most common, aka essential or idiopathic
-genetic & environmental factors
-sns causes increased hr & vasoconstriction which increase bp
-overactive raas causes na & water retention, increased vascular resistance, insulin
resistance & platelet aggregation
-decreased renal excretion of salt=pressure-natriuresis relationship
Secondary htn - answer-caused my systemic disease process that raises peripheral
vascular resistance or cardiac output
Examples=renal disease, adrenocorticoid tumors, adrenamedullary tumors, or drugs
Complicated htn - answer-chronic damage to blood vessels & tissues leading to target
organ damage in heart, kidneys, brain, & eyes
Malignant htn - answer-htn crisis
-rapidly progressing htn when diastolic is >140
-will cause cerebral encephalopathy & life threatening organ damage if not fixed
Tx of htn - answer-loop or thiazide diuretics, ace or arb inhibitors, ca channel blockers
, -no longer beta blockers b/c they have a higher rate of stroke than those drugs
Orthostatic hypotension - answer-decrease in systolic & distolic bp among standing up
-lack normal bp compensation in response to gravitational changes on the circulation
Acute & chronic orthostatic hypotension - answer-acute=elderly at increased risk b/d
decreased thrist mechanisms. Causes=drugs, prolonged immoblilty, starvation,
exhaustion, dehydration/volume depletion, venous pooling
Chronic-causes=dm, endocrine d/o, metabolic d/o, cns or pns d/o, cerebral infarcts,
parkinsons, autonomic neuropathy=most common cause
Aneurysm - answer-localized dilation or outpouching of a vessel wall or cardiac
chamber
-can be thoracic or abdominal or can occur in cerebral circle of willis
-most common=abdominal
Causes=atherosclerosis or htn
-can lead to aortic dissection or rupture
True aneurysm - answer-involves all 3 layers of wall
-weakening of vessel wall
-can be fisuform or circumferential (circular) or saccular (spherical)
False aneurysm - answer-extravascular hematoma (outside of vessel) that penetrates &
communicated w/intravascular space
Thrombus formation - answer-blood clot that remains attached to the vessel wall
-risk factors=injury/inflammation, obstruction of flow, stasis/pooling
Can have arterial or venous thrombus
Embolism - answer-obstruction of blood flow by a blous of matter circulating in the
bloodstream
-can be dislodged thrombus, air bubble, fat embolism, bacteria, ca cell, or foreign
substance
Thromboangitis obliterans (buergers disease) - answer-inflammatory disease of
peripheral arteries
-strongly associated w/smoking
-formation of thrombi filled w/immune & inflammatory cells
-overtime thrombi become organized & fibrotic leading to permanent occlusion &
obliteration of portions of small & medium sized arteries of feet & hands
-autoimmune d/o
Raynaud phenomenon - answer-episodic vasospasm attacks in small arteries of fingers
& toes
Primary-unknown cause
