Beckers World of the Cell Chapter 2
4 classes of macromolecules - ANSWER--Carbohydrates - monosaccharides, disaccharides,
polysaccharides
-Lipids - triglycerides (fats and oils), phospholipids, steroids
-Proteins
-Nucleic acids - DNA, RNA
5 levels of hierarchy - ANSWER-...
activated monomers - ANSWER-a monomer whose free energy has been increased by being linked to
a carrier molecule usually by carrier molecule being coupled to it with energy provided from ATP.
required to form polymers
amphipathic molecules - ANSWER-Amphipathic molecules have both hydrophobic regions and
hydrophilic regions <phospholipids>.
asymmetric carbon - ANSWER-a carbon atom that is attached to four different atoms or groups of
atoms. two stereoisomers are possible for each asymmetric carbon atom
Biologically important Macromolecules - ANSWER-
Bond Energy - ANSWER-the energy required to break the bond between two covalently bonded
atoms; this value is usually expressed in kJ per mol of substance.
Calories - ANSWER-Joules are a common metric unit of energy. (1 calorie = 4.2 Joules), units by which
heat is measured or the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1oC
Cellulose - ANSWER-polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant-cell walls
chitlin - ANSWER-what resembles a glucose polymer but a group that contains nitrogen replaces one
-OH group in each subunit, monosaccharide. Found in insect exoskeletons, fungal cell walls and
crustacean shells
Common functional groups in biological molecules - ANSWER-
Condensation Reaction - ANSWER-A reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to
each other through the loss of a small molecule, usually water; also called dehydration reaction.
Condensation reactions - ANSWER-dehydration synthesis. covalently bonds 2 monomers (ntds of the
same strand -> phosphodiester). creates a molecule of water (1 monomer gives H+, one gives OH-).
requires: substrates (monomers) & energy: 2 nucleoside triphosphates(ATP, GTP, CTP, TTP). enzyme
to covalently bond monomers, DNA polymerase.
Covalent Bond - ANSWER-a chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in
a molecule
Daltons law - ANSWER-the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the
partial pressures exerted by each individual gas, Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3....
Ptotal = Ntotal(R)(T)
The sum of partial pressures of all the different gases are equal to the total pressure
4 classes of macromolecules - ANSWER--Carbohydrates - monosaccharides, disaccharides,
polysaccharides
-Lipids - triglycerides (fats and oils), phospholipids, steroids
-Proteins
-Nucleic acids - DNA, RNA
5 levels of hierarchy - ANSWER-...
activated monomers - ANSWER-a monomer whose free energy has been increased by being linked to
a carrier molecule usually by carrier molecule being coupled to it with energy provided from ATP.
required to form polymers
amphipathic molecules - ANSWER-Amphipathic molecules have both hydrophobic regions and
hydrophilic regions <phospholipids>.
asymmetric carbon - ANSWER-a carbon atom that is attached to four different atoms or groups of
atoms. two stereoisomers are possible for each asymmetric carbon atom
Biologically important Macromolecules - ANSWER-
Bond Energy - ANSWER-the energy required to break the bond between two covalently bonded
atoms; this value is usually expressed in kJ per mol of substance.
Calories - ANSWER-Joules are a common metric unit of energy. (1 calorie = 4.2 Joules), units by which
heat is measured or the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1oC
Cellulose - ANSWER-polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant-cell walls
chitlin - ANSWER-what resembles a glucose polymer but a group that contains nitrogen replaces one
-OH group in each subunit, monosaccharide. Found in insect exoskeletons, fungal cell walls and
crustacean shells
Common functional groups in biological molecules - ANSWER-
Condensation Reaction - ANSWER-A reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to
each other through the loss of a small molecule, usually water; also called dehydration reaction.
Condensation reactions - ANSWER-dehydration synthesis. covalently bonds 2 monomers (ntds of the
same strand -> phosphodiester). creates a molecule of water (1 monomer gives H+, one gives OH-).
requires: substrates (monomers) & energy: 2 nucleoside triphosphates(ATP, GTP, CTP, TTP). enzyme
to covalently bond monomers, DNA polymerase.
Covalent Bond - ANSWER-a chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in
a molecule
Daltons law - ANSWER-the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the
partial pressures exerted by each individual gas, Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3....
Ptotal = Ntotal(R)(T)
The sum of partial pressures of all the different gases are equal to the total pressure
