BSR - Gonsalves - Midterm Exam
Latest Update
phospholipid bilayer - Answer What makes up a cell membrane?
Gasses (O2, CO2) and other small lipid soluble molecules (steroid hormones) - Answer
what substances can cross a cell membrane without using a pore or transport protein?
integral protein, transmembrane pore - Answer How does water cross a cell
membrane?
Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion - Answer Which transport mechanisms do NOT require metabolic
energy? OR, which transport mechanisms are driven solely by concentration gradient of
the molecule? (Do not require ATP or a concentration gradient of Na+)
Primary active transport
co-transport
counter transport. - Answer which transport mechanisms transport molecules against
their concentration gradients?
Symport or co-transport - Answer What transport mechanisms uses the energy provided
by sodium gradient to transport a substance against its concentration gradient and into
the cell with sodium?
Stereospecificity, saturation, competition. - Answer What are the characteristics or
limitations of carrier mediated transport
facilitated diffusion - Answer What is glucose transport into muscle an example of
Primary active transport (Not co-transport or counter transport because sodium is
moved AGAINST its concentration gradient) - Answer What is the sodium potassium
pump and example of?
primary active transport - Answer What is the calcium pump in the sarcoplasmic
reticulum an example of?
primary active transport - Answer what is the proton pump in gastric parietal cells an
example of?
hydrostatic pressure and osmosis - Answer What 2 mechanisms drive water across a
membrane?
# of particles in the comparable solutions - Answer what has the greatest affect on
osmotic pressure?
,albumin - Answer what provides the colloid osmotic pressure of blood?
transduction - Answer What changes physical energy into electrical impulses?
transmission - Answer when an electrical impulse is carried along a nerve, it is called
_____.
perception - Answer the identification of what is seen, heard, felt, or tasted is called
_____.
modulation - Answer inhibition of the transmission of an electrical impulse is called
_______
interpretation - Answer higher cortical pathways make sense of what is perceived. This
is called _____.
Voltage gated channels (Sodium channels, calcium channels in the synapse) - Answer
what are opened or closed by changes in the membrane potential?
Ligand-gated channels. (nicotinic ACH receptors, adrenergic receptors) - Answer what
are opened or closed by a hormone, second messenger, or neurotransmitter?
Connections between cells allowing bidirectional exchange of electrical current and/or
molecules - Answer what are gap junctions
tight junctions - Answer Connections between cells that do not communicate and
prevent passage of molecules between the cells.
-70mv - Answer what is the normal resting membrane potential for a typical neuron?
Sodium potassium pump. Permeability to K+, Impermeability to Na+ - Answer What
creates the -70 mV resting membrane potential for a typical neuron
threshold - Answer the membrane potential at which an action potential is inevitable is
called _____.
hyperpolarized - Answer as the inside of the cell becomes more negative, the cell
becomes _____.
rapid opening of sodium channels, rapid influx of sodium - Answer what occurs in the
neuron cell membrane during the upstroke of the action potential?
overshoot - Answer when the membrane potential becomes positive at the peak of the
action potential, it is called ____.
• Stimulus: Input reaches threshold
• Depolarization: rapid opening of sodium channels, sodium rushes in, membrane
depolarizes
• Peak: Slow closing of sodium channels, sodium conductance returns to 0
, • Repolarization: Slow opening of K+ channels, outward flow of K+,
• Hyperpolarization: K+ channels remain open and sodium potassium pump is active,
membrane potential driven down toward K+ equilibrium potential (-85 mV)
• Resting: Membrane potential gradually returns to -70mV - Answer what is the order of
events for a typical action potential of a neuron?
absolute refractory period - Answer the period of time during which another action
potential cannot be elicited, regardless of magnitude of stimulation is called _____.
depolarization and peak - Answer what stages of the action potential correspond to the
absolute refractory period?
sodium channels already open. sodium inactivation gates are closed - Answer what ion
channel prevents another action potential from occurring during absolute refractory
period?
relative refractory period - Answer the period of time when an action potential could be
elicited if a larger than usual stimulus is received is called _______.
hyperpolarization - Answer what stage of the action potential corresponds to the
relative refractory period?
K+ - Answer what ion is responsible for undershoot of the action the potential?
myelination/salutatory conductance, and larger fiber size (diameter) - Answer what
increases conduction velocity of action potentials along an axon?
Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, embryonic tissue - Answer Where are gap junctions
used in the body?
Rapid, bidirectional, direct transfer of electrical activity/conductance between cells -
Answer what are characteristics of gap junction transmission?
neurons and skeletal muscles - Answer where are synaptic clefts used in the body?
synaptic delay - Answer the time needed for transmission of a neurotransmitter across
the synaptic cleft is called ____.
synaptic fatigue - Answer what occurs when the synaptic terminal has run out of
vesicles of neurotransmitters?
calcium entering the cell - Answer hich ion triggers the release of neurotransmitters
from the pre-synaptic terminal (bouton, axon terminal, synaptic knob) in response to an
action potential?
hyper polarization of the postsynaptic membrane - Answer binding of neurotransmitter
to an inhibitory receptor on the post-synaptic cell causes _______ .
Latest Update
phospholipid bilayer - Answer What makes up a cell membrane?
Gasses (O2, CO2) and other small lipid soluble molecules (steroid hormones) - Answer
what substances can cross a cell membrane without using a pore or transport protein?
integral protein, transmembrane pore - Answer How does water cross a cell
membrane?
Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion - Answer Which transport mechanisms do NOT require metabolic
energy? OR, which transport mechanisms are driven solely by concentration gradient of
the molecule? (Do not require ATP or a concentration gradient of Na+)
Primary active transport
co-transport
counter transport. - Answer which transport mechanisms transport molecules against
their concentration gradients?
Symport or co-transport - Answer What transport mechanisms uses the energy provided
by sodium gradient to transport a substance against its concentration gradient and into
the cell with sodium?
Stereospecificity, saturation, competition. - Answer What are the characteristics or
limitations of carrier mediated transport
facilitated diffusion - Answer What is glucose transport into muscle an example of
Primary active transport (Not co-transport or counter transport because sodium is
moved AGAINST its concentration gradient) - Answer What is the sodium potassium
pump and example of?
primary active transport - Answer What is the calcium pump in the sarcoplasmic
reticulum an example of?
primary active transport - Answer what is the proton pump in gastric parietal cells an
example of?
hydrostatic pressure and osmosis - Answer What 2 mechanisms drive water across a
membrane?
# of particles in the comparable solutions - Answer what has the greatest affect on
osmotic pressure?
,albumin - Answer what provides the colloid osmotic pressure of blood?
transduction - Answer What changes physical energy into electrical impulses?
transmission - Answer when an electrical impulse is carried along a nerve, it is called
_____.
perception - Answer the identification of what is seen, heard, felt, or tasted is called
_____.
modulation - Answer inhibition of the transmission of an electrical impulse is called
_______
interpretation - Answer higher cortical pathways make sense of what is perceived. This
is called _____.
Voltage gated channels (Sodium channels, calcium channels in the synapse) - Answer
what are opened or closed by changes in the membrane potential?
Ligand-gated channels. (nicotinic ACH receptors, adrenergic receptors) - Answer what
are opened or closed by a hormone, second messenger, or neurotransmitter?
Connections between cells allowing bidirectional exchange of electrical current and/or
molecules - Answer what are gap junctions
tight junctions - Answer Connections between cells that do not communicate and
prevent passage of molecules between the cells.
-70mv - Answer what is the normal resting membrane potential for a typical neuron?
Sodium potassium pump. Permeability to K+, Impermeability to Na+ - Answer What
creates the -70 mV resting membrane potential for a typical neuron
threshold - Answer the membrane potential at which an action potential is inevitable is
called _____.
hyperpolarized - Answer as the inside of the cell becomes more negative, the cell
becomes _____.
rapid opening of sodium channels, rapid influx of sodium - Answer what occurs in the
neuron cell membrane during the upstroke of the action potential?
overshoot - Answer when the membrane potential becomes positive at the peak of the
action potential, it is called ____.
• Stimulus: Input reaches threshold
• Depolarization: rapid opening of sodium channels, sodium rushes in, membrane
depolarizes
• Peak: Slow closing of sodium channels, sodium conductance returns to 0
, • Repolarization: Slow opening of K+ channels, outward flow of K+,
• Hyperpolarization: K+ channels remain open and sodium potassium pump is active,
membrane potential driven down toward K+ equilibrium potential (-85 mV)
• Resting: Membrane potential gradually returns to -70mV - Answer what is the order of
events for a typical action potential of a neuron?
absolute refractory period - Answer the period of time during which another action
potential cannot be elicited, regardless of magnitude of stimulation is called _____.
depolarization and peak - Answer what stages of the action potential correspond to the
absolute refractory period?
sodium channels already open. sodium inactivation gates are closed - Answer what ion
channel prevents another action potential from occurring during absolute refractory
period?
relative refractory period - Answer the period of time when an action potential could be
elicited if a larger than usual stimulus is received is called _______.
hyperpolarization - Answer what stage of the action potential corresponds to the
relative refractory period?
K+ - Answer what ion is responsible for undershoot of the action the potential?
myelination/salutatory conductance, and larger fiber size (diameter) - Answer what
increases conduction velocity of action potentials along an axon?
Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, embryonic tissue - Answer Where are gap junctions
used in the body?
Rapid, bidirectional, direct transfer of electrical activity/conductance between cells -
Answer what are characteristics of gap junction transmission?
neurons and skeletal muscles - Answer where are synaptic clefts used in the body?
synaptic delay - Answer the time needed for transmission of a neurotransmitter across
the synaptic cleft is called ____.
synaptic fatigue - Answer what occurs when the synaptic terminal has run out of
vesicles of neurotransmitters?
calcium entering the cell - Answer hich ion triggers the release of neurotransmitters
from the pre-synaptic terminal (bouton, axon terminal, synaptic knob) in response to an
action potential?
hyper polarization of the postsynaptic membrane - Answer binding of neurotransmitter
to an inhibitory receptor on the post-synaptic cell causes _______ .
