BBH 451 Exam 3 Study Guide with
Questions and Complete Solutions
A natural ligand (neurotransmitter) causes sodium leak channels to open, allowing more
sodium to pass through than the small amount that occurs without neurotransmitter
binding. A drug causes these sodium channels too close entirely. What could the drug
be classified as ✅Inverse agonist
- this case represents an antagonist-like activity, but more severe than an antagonist
A natural ligand (neurotransmitter) causes sodium leak channels to open, allowing more
sodium to pass through than the small amount that occurs without neurotransmitter
binding. A drug causes these sodium channels to open to a level greater than when no
neurotransmitter is present but not as high as when the neurotransmitter is present.
What could the drug be classified as? ✅Partial agonist
- this case represents a drug that can work to a partial extent but not fully
Which of the following is not a treatment for cocaine dependency ✅Cocaethylene
What is the primary mechanism of action of cocaine? ✅It inhibits the reuptake of
dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine
A drug that mimics the response from the sympathetic nervous system is said to be a
✅sympathomimetic
Which of the following is not a sympathomimetic substance ✅glutamate
Cocaine has two isomers (+), (-), if you need more of the (+) isomer than the (-) isomer
to block dopamine uptake, would the Kd of (+) cocaine be higher, lower or the same as
(-) cocaine? ✅higher
How does the half life of amphetamine compared to methamphetamine and cocaine?
✅Shorter than methamphetamine, but longer than cocaine
Which form of amphetamine is a prodrug ✅Lisdexamphetamine
What is the primary effect of amphetamine ✅It reverses the action of VMAT, which
increases dopamine in the cytoplasm
Which of the following is not true regarding the effect of amphetamine on VMAT?
✅during middle stages of amphetamine stimulation, dopamine concentrations in
vesicles is very high
,What are the cardiovascular effects of using methamphetamine ✅constriction of blood
vessels, increased blood pressure, and increased risk of heart attack
Addiction to methamphetamine often causes anhedonia, which can be described as
✅reduced interest in pleasurable activities
- changed answer from emotion to pain so that the distinction would be greater. lack of
feeling emotion is really called diminished affect, but feeling emotion has some
commonality with anhedonia
What ingredient is found in a common cold medication and is also a precursor to
methamphetamine? ✅pseuroephedrine
How does smoking tobacco influence the half life of cocaine ✅tobacco increases the
activity of CYP1A2, decreasing caffeines half life
In what case do antidepressants clearly out-perform placebos? ✅those with severe
depression
Which of the following is not a potential problem with the monamine hypothesis as
related to serotonin? ✅antidepressants increase serotonin levels in a matter of hours,
but no behavioral effects are seen for 2-4 weeks after administration
- this is the best answer because the length of time until remission of symptoms
suggests that something other than monamine is active but keep in mind that some say
monamine active drugs are modulating a system that takes a long time to change, so
they would not see D as a potential problem. you could argue that all of these are
potential problems for the monoamine hypothesis and thus they would say there needs
to be an "E" answer that is "all of these are potential problems for the monamine
hypothesis
the other answers:
- many people have low basal serotonin levels, yet they dont have depressions
- experimentally decreasing the amounts of serotonin does not result in depression
- treatments that do not target serotonin work just as well as those that do target
serotonin
Regarding the effects of depression on the hippocampus, which of the following is a
possible symptom of depression related to the hippocampus ✅memory deficits
Monamine oxidase inhibitors acts on which of the following neurotransmitter pathways?
✅serotonin and norepinephrine
Which of the following is not a side effect of SSRIs? ✅A. insomnia
B. sexual dysfunction
C. nausea
D. headaches
, ANSWER: D. Headaches
In the neurogenesis hypothesis of depression, what protein directly increases
transcription of brain derived neurotrophic factor gene, and therefore its protein
✅CREB
THC can last a long time in the body, and is primarily stored in: ✅Fat
Use of marijuana results in increased synaptic dopamine in which area (choose the one
with the largest change)? ✅nucleus accumbens
This type of drug produces an experience where the user is aware that what they are
experiencing is not reality ✅Psychedelic
Which of the following psychedelics is not catecholamine- like? ✅Psilocybin
MDMA increases levels of serotonin and can lead to a serotonin syndrome. which of the
following is not a symptom of serotonin syndrome? ✅A. Tachycardia
B. Hypothermia
C. Muscle twitching
D. Hallucinations
ANSWER: B. Hypothermia
Which of the following is not increased by ecstasy? ✅Epinephrine
When LSD was first discovered in 1942 by Albert Hoffman, his experience was
abnormally intense. What may have caused this? ✅He took a significantly larger dose
than was recognized later
Which drug has been prescribed with a standing order to prevent opioid overdose
deaths? ✅naloxone
The action of several drugs has provided insight to the neurophysiology of
schizophrenia ✅LSD and PCP
fill in the blank with answers=
- answers in all CAPS ✅Pain relief by drugs can occur at several sites. at the site of
injury the relief comes from blocking INFLAMMATION/PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHESIS,
which is the primary action of NSAIDS. the signaling from the site of injury can be
blocked by ANTAGONIZING the sodium channels, which is an action of COCAINE. The
most common class of drugs for severe pain, the OPIOIDS/OPIATES work in the CNS
on a different type of receptor, the MU/MU-OPIOID RECEPTOR, whose
ENDOGENOUS/NATIVE/NATURAL ligands are enkephalin and beta-endorphin
Questions and Complete Solutions
A natural ligand (neurotransmitter) causes sodium leak channels to open, allowing more
sodium to pass through than the small amount that occurs without neurotransmitter
binding. A drug causes these sodium channels too close entirely. What could the drug
be classified as ✅Inverse agonist
- this case represents an antagonist-like activity, but more severe than an antagonist
A natural ligand (neurotransmitter) causes sodium leak channels to open, allowing more
sodium to pass through than the small amount that occurs without neurotransmitter
binding. A drug causes these sodium channels to open to a level greater than when no
neurotransmitter is present but not as high as when the neurotransmitter is present.
What could the drug be classified as? ✅Partial agonist
- this case represents a drug that can work to a partial extent but not fully
Which of the following is not a treatment for cocaine dependency ✅Cocaethylene
What is the primary mechanism of action of cocaine? ✅It inhibits the reuptake of
dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine
A drug that mimics the response from the sympathetic nervous system is said to be a
✅sympathomimetic
Which of the following is not a sympathomimetic substance ✅glutamate
Cocaine has two isomers (+), (-), if you need more of the (+) isomer than the (-) isomer
to block dopamine uptake, would the Kd of (+) cocaine be higher, lower or the same as
(-) cocaine? ✅higher
How does the half life of amphetamine compared to methamphetamine and cocaine?
✅Shorter than methamphetamine, but longer than cocaine
Which form of amphetamine is a prodrug ✅Lisdexamphetamine
What is the primary effect of amphetamine ✅It reverses the action of VMAT, which
increases dopamine in the cytoplasm
Which of the following is not true regarding the effect of amphetamine on VMAT?
✅during middle stages of amphetamine stimulation, dopamine concentrations in
vesicles is very high
,What are the cardiovascular effects of using methamphetamine ✅constriction of blood
vessels, increased blood pressure, and increased risk of heart attack
Addiction to methamphetamine often causes anhedonia, which can be described as
✅reduced interest in pleasurable activities
- changed answer from emotion to pain so that the distinction would be greater. lack of
feeling emotion is really called diminished affect, but feeling emotion has some
commonality with anhedonia
What ingredient is found in a common cold medication and is also a precursor to
methamphetamine? ✅pseuroephedrine
How does smoking tobacco influence the half life of cocaine ✅tobacco increases the
activity of CYP1A2, decreasing caffeines half life
In what case do antidepressants clearly out-perform placebos? ✅those with severe
depression
Which of the following is not a potential problem with the monamine hypothesis as
related to serotonin? ✅antidepressants increase serotonin levels in a matter of hours,
but no behavioral effects are seen for 2-4 weeks after administration
- this is the best answer because the length of time until remission of symptoms
suggests that something other than monamine is active but keep in mind that some say
monamine active drugs are modulating a system that takes a long time to change, so
they would not see D as a potential problem. you could argue that all of these are
potential problems for the monoamine hypothesis and thus they would say there needs
to be an "E" answer that is "all of these are potential problems for the monamine
hypothesis
the other answers:
- many people have low basal serotonin levels, yet they dont have depressions
- experimentally decreasing the amounts of serotonin does not result in depression
- treatments that do not target serotonin work just as well as those that do target
serotonin
Regarding the effects of depression on the hippocampus, which of the following is a
possible symptom of depression related to the hippocampus ✅memory deficits
Monamine oxidase inhibitors acts on which of the following neurotransmitter pathways?
✅serotonin and norepinephrine
Which of the following is not a side effect of SSRIs? ✅A. insomnia
B. sexual dysfunction
C. nausea
D. headaches
, ANSWER: D. Headaches
In the neurogenesis hypothesis of depression, what protein directly increases
transcription of brain derived neurotrophic factor gene, and therefore its protein
✅CREB
THC can last a long time in the body, and is primarily stored in: ✅Fat
Use of marijuana results in increased synaptic dopamine in which area (choose the one
with the largest change)? ✅nucleus accumbens
This type of drug produces an experience where the user is aware that what they are
experiencing is not reality ✅Psychedelic
Which of the following psychedelics is not catecholamine- like? ✅Psilocybin
MDMA increases levels of serotonin and can lead to a serotonin syndrome. which of the
following is not a symptom of serotonin syndrome? ✅A. Tachycardia
B. Hypothermia
C. Muscle twitching
D. Hallucinations
ANSWER: B. Hypothermia
Which of the following is not increased by ecstasy? ✅Epinephrine
When LSD was first discovered in 1942 by Albert Hoffman, his experience was
abnormally intense. What may have caused this? ✅He took a significantly larger dose
than was recognized later
Which drug has been prescribed with a standing order to prevent opioid overdose
deaths? ✅naloxone
The action of several drugs has provided insight to the neurophysiology of
schizophrenia ✅LSD and PCP
fill in the blank with answers=
- answers in all CAPS ✅Pain relief by drugs can occur at several sites. at the site of
injury the relief comes from blocking INFLAMMATION/PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHESIS,
which is the primary action of NSAIDS. the signaling from the site of injury can be
blocked by ANTAGONIZING the sodium channels, which is an action of COCAINE. The
most common class of drugs for severe pain, the OPIOIDS/OPIATES work in the CNS
on a different type of receptor, the MU/MU-OPIOID RECEPTOR, whose
ENDOGENOUS/NATIVE/NATURAL ligands are enkephalin and beta-endorphin
