BBH 451 Practice Test Questions and
Correct Answers
Hypothesis testing ✅Scientific method to test associations
Research, question, hypothesize, test
p-values ✅Due to bias, confounds, and unknown factors, even statistically significant
results might lead to inaccurate inferences about causality
Correlation doesn't imply ___________ ✅causation
Hypothesized relationship (____________) between A and B ✅correlation
Reverse causation: ✅B causes A
Bidirectional causation: ✅A causes B and B causes A
Common causal variable: ✅C causes A and B
Indirect (mediator) : ✅A causes C, which causes B
A drug is designed to treat anxiety. In which phase of the clinical trials process is its
effectiveness compared to a placebo in a population of those with anxiety disorders?
✅Phase II
Before a drug that is designed to treat anxiety can be marketed, its effectiveness is
compared to alprazolam (a commonly-used treatment for anxiety disorders) in a sample
of patients who have an anxiety disorder. Which clinical trial phase is this? ✅Phase lll
✅0.03
Most drugs have been found to exert effects only on one bodily function that they are
designed to target. ✅false
Substances that have no currently accepted medical use in the United States with a
high potential for abuse are categorized under which schedule? ✅Schedule I
All addictive drugs increase dopamine levels in the mesolimbic pathway. ✅true
,Rather than separate drug-related behaviors into two categories, addiction and
dependence, as was done in earlier editions of the DSM, the DSM 5 uses the term,
substance use disorder, because ✅It allows physicians to consider patients as being
on a continuum of severity of problems
The excellent correlation between the fraction of dopamine transporters blocked by
methylphenidate and the subjective high felt by the cocaine user being tested could also
be called a(n): ✅Dose response curve
Which two structures of the brain are primarily involved in the reward circuit?
✅Nucleus Accumbens and Ventral Tegmental Area
Which of the following drugs increase the amount of dopamine release through GABA
inhibition? ✅Benzodiazepines and Opiates
What two characteristics describe an agonist that is used as an effective treatment for
an abused drug? ✅Reduction of the rewarding experience & reduction of withdrawal
discomfort
Opiate addiction can be treated through the use of antagonists such as naloxone and
naltrexone. ✅true
Which metabolic enzyme is used in the conversion of alcohol (ethanol) to
acetaldehyde? ✅Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)
Upon consumption, the first twenty percent of alcohol is absorbed in the ____, while the
remaining eighty percent is absorbed in the _______. ✅Stomach; small intestine
Reasons why women obtain a higher BAC than men when drinking similar amounts?
✅Women contain a higher level of body fat.
Men have more muscle than women.
Women have about half the amount of gastric enzymes for alcohol compared to men.
Is this statement true or false? Ethanol is converted to acetaldehyde by alcohol
dehydrogenase, acetaldehyde is then converted to acetic acid by nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide, and acetic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide and water. ✅false
Which of the following is a receptor for the neurotransmitter serotonin? ✅5-HT2
receptors
Which of the following is a neurotransmitter whose over-release can cause nerve
damage? ✅Glutamate
, Alcohol has a high calorie content and in turn may provide a high nutritional value as
well. ✅false
Which two types of medications are used in managing alcohol withdrawal to prevent
symptoms such as seizures? ✅Anticonvulsant Mood Stabilizers and Benzodiazepines
Which of the following is not considered to be one of the three main psychoactive drugs
that are consumed? ✅Cannabis
How many milligrams of nicotine does the average cigarette contain? Think about why
this amount is not the amount consumed by smoking a cigarette. ✅Eight to ten
milligrams
Where is the majority of nicotine metabolized and by what enzyme is it metabolized?
✅Liver; CYP2A6
Affects that nicotine has on the brain? ✅Nicotine causes the release of glutamate onto
VTA neurons which stimulates the release of dopamine.
Nicotine desensitizes nicotinic receptors on GABA neurons which release less GABA
allowing an increase in dopamine release.
Nicotine receptors on VTA dopamine neurons cause dopamine release into the nucleus
accumbens.
Products such as nicotine gum, inhalers, mouth spray and transdermal nicotine patches
are considered nicotine replacement therapy products. ✅true
Which substance in e-cigarettes raises possible safety concerns for its toxicity? Keep in
mind there might be many other additives. ✅Diethylene glycol
Between the years of 2011 to 2015, how much of an increase in e-cigarette use was
shown among high school students? ✅900%
Which of the following is considered to be a secondary category of medication for
nicotine? ✅Antidepressants and partial nicotine receptor agonists
IND = ✅Investigational New Drug
After extensive pre-clinical research, an application is made to the FDA to begin
_______ _________ ✅clinical trials
Phase I = ✅safety, toxicity, and side effects
Correct Answers
Hypothesis testing ✅Scientific method to test associations
Research, question, hypothesize, test
p-values ✅Due to bias, confounds, and unknown factors, even statistically significant
results might lead to inaccurate inferences about causality
Correlation doesn't imply ___________ ✅causation
Hypothesized relationship (____________) between A and B ✅correlation
Reverse causation: ✅B causes A
Bidirectional causation: ✅A causes B and B causes A
Common causal variable: ✅C causes A and B
Indirect (mediator) : ✅A causes C, which causes B
A drug is designed to treat anxiety. In which phase of the clinical trials process is its
effectiveness compared to a placebo in a population of those with anxiety disorders?
✅Phase II
Before a drug that is designed to treat anxiety can be marketed, its effectiveness is
compared to alprazolam (a commonly-used treatment for anxiety disorders) in a sample
of patients who have an anxiety disorder. Which clinical trial phase is this? ✅Phase lll
✅0.03
Most drugs have been found to exert effects only on one bodily function that they are
designed to target. ✅false
Substances that have no currently accepted medical use in the United States with a
high potential for abuse are categorized under which schedule? ✅Schedule I
All addictive drugs increase dopamine levels in the mesolimbic pathway. ✅true
,Rather than separate drug-related behaviors into two categories, addiction and
dependence, as was done in earlier editions of the DSM, the DSM 5 uses the term,
substance use disorder, because ✅It allows physicians to consider patients as being
on a continuum of severity of problems
The excellent correlation between the fraction of dopamine transporters blocked by
methylphenidate and the subjective high felt by the cocaine user being tested could also
be called a(n): ✅Dose response curve
Which two structures of the brain are primarily involved in the reward circuit?
✅Nucleus Accumbens and Ventral Tegmental Area
Which of the following drugs increase the amount of dopamine release through GABA
inhibition? ✅Benzodiazepines and Opiates
What two characteristics describe an agonist that is used as an effective treatment for
an abused drug? ✅Reduction of the rewarding experience & reduction of withdrawal
discomfort
Opiate addiction can be treated through the use of antagonists such as naloxone and
naltrexone. ✅true
Which metabolic enzyme is used in the conversion of alcohol (ethanol) to
acetaldehyde? ✅Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)
Upon consumption, the first twenty percent of alcohol is absorbed in the ____, while the
remaining eighty percent is absorbed in the _______. ✅Stomach; small intestine
Reasons why women obtain a higher BAC than men when drinking similar amounts?
✅Women contain a higher level of body fat.
Men have more muscle than women.
Women have about half the amount of gastric enzymes for alcohol compared to men.
Is this statement true or false? Ethanol is converted to acetaldehyde by alcohol
dehydrogenase, acetaldehyde is then converted to acetic acid by nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide, and acetic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide and water. ✅false
Which of the following is a receptor for the neurotransmitter serotonin? ✅5-HT2
receptors
Which of the following is a neurotransmitter whose over-release can cause nerve
damage? ✅Glutamate
, Alcohol has a high calorie content and in turn may provide a high nutritional value as
well. ✅false
Which two types of medications are used in managing alcohol withdrawal to prevent
symptoms such as seizures? ✅Anticonvulsant Mood Stabilizers and Benzodiazepines
Which of the following is not considered to be one of the three main psychoactive drugs
that are consumed? ✅Cannabis
How many milligrams of nicotine does the average cigarette contain? Think about why
this amount is not the amount consumed by smoking a cigarette. ✅Eight to ten
milligrams
Where is the majority of nicotine metabolized and by what enzyme is it metabolized?
✅Liver; CYP2A6
Affects that nicotine has on the brain? ✅Nicotine causes the release of glutamate onto
VTA neurons which stimulates the release of dopamine.
Nicotine desensitizes nicotinic receptors on GABA neurons which release less GABA
allowing an increase in dopamine release.
Nicotine receptors on VTA dopamine neurons cause dopamine release into the nucleus
accumbens.
Products such as nicotine gum, inhalers, mouth spray and transdermal nicotine patches
are considered nicotine replacement therapy products. ✅true
Which substance in e-cigarettes raises possible safety concerns for its toxicity? Keep in
mind there might be many other additives. ✅Diethylene glycol
Between the years of 2011 to 2015, how much of an increase in e-cigarette use was
shown among high school students? ✅900%
Which of the following is considered to be a secondary category of medication for
nicotine? ✅Antidepressants and partial nicotine receptor agonists
IND = ✅Investigational New Drug
After extensive pre-clinical research, an application is made to the FDA to begin
_______ _________ ✅clinical trials
Phase I = ✅safety, toxicity, and side effects
