NUR 3365 Adult Health Theory II
Module 1 Introduction to Adult Health II Theory and Acid-Base Balance Study Guide
● Lewis → Chapter 16
● Winningham→ Case 25-26, Case 29, Case 106, Case 108, Case 110
○ Or if using the 7th edition: Case 27, Case 37
● ATI→ Chapter 45
** Key ** Acid → [H⁺] orange
Base → [HCO3] blue
Terms to know Definitions
Acidosis pH < 7.35
● Respiratory Acidosis: (carbonic acid excess)
○ occurs when a person hypoventilates
■ slow shallow breathing → SOB
■ bluish appearance → (↓O₂) = the fatigues
● Metabolic Acidosis: (base bicarbonate deficit)
○ occurs when an acid other than carbonic acid accumulates in the body
○ or when bicarbonate is lost in body fluids
Alkalosis pH > 7.5
● Respiratory Alkalosis: (carbonic acid deficit)
○ occurs with hyperventilation
○ ↑ in RR or volume
● Metabolic Alkalosis: (base bicarbonate excess)
○ occurs when a loss of acid [H⁺]
○ gain of base [HCO3] occurs
Buffers act chemically to change strong acids into weaker ones or bind them to neutralize them
Electrolytes Substances whose molecules dissociate or split into ions when placed in water
→ Cations are positively charged (K, Na, Ca)
→ Anions are negatively charged ions (HCO, Cl, PO34)
Hypertonic fluids with solutes more concentrated than in cells, or an increased osmolarity
the fluid surrounds a cell, water leaves the cell to dilute ECF, the cell shrinks and may
1
, eventually die
Hypotonic solutions in which the solutes are less concentrated than in cells
if a cell is surrounded by hypotonic fluid, water moves into the cell, causing it to swell and
possibly to burst
Isotonic fluids with the same osmolarity as the cell interior
→ normally ECF and ICF are isotonic to one another, so no net movement of water occurs
Osmosis the moment of water ‘down” a concentration gradient, that is, from a region of low solute
concentration to one of high solute concentration, across a semipermeable membrane
Arterial blood values that provide objective information about a patient's acid-base status, the underlying
gases (ABGs) cause of an imbalance, and the body’s ability to regulate pH
Acid Base ● Acids: produced during normal metabolism
Imbalances
● Bases: neutralize and promote excretion of acids
● The lower the pH the higher the H
● The higher the pH the lower H
pH and H Concentration
● Acidity or alkalinity depend on H concentration
● The lower the pH → the higher H
● ↑ H → Acidity → > 7.35 → acidosis
● ↓ H → alkalinity → > 7.45 → alkalosis
HCO3 → bicarbonate
H2CO3 → carbonic acid
HCl → Hydrochloric Acid
Questions Answers
What is the normal range of table values ● potassium- 3.5-5
(using the Lewis textbook) for:
● sodium- 135-145 mEq/L
● Potassium
● phosphorus- 2.4-4.4 mg/dL (0.78-1.42 mmol/L)
● Sodium
● calcium – 8.6 – 10.2 mg/dL (2.15-2.55 mmol/L)
● Phosphate
2
Module 1 Introduction to Adult Health II Theory and Acid-Base Balance Study Guide
● Lewis → Chapter 16
● Winningham→ Case 25-26, Case 29, Case 106, Case 108, Case 110
○ Or if using the 7th edition: Case 27, Case 37
● ATI→ Chapter 45
** Key ** Acid → [H⁺] orange
Base → [HCO3] blue
Terms to know Definitions
Acidosis pH < 7.35
● Respiratory Acidosis: (carbonic acid excess)
○ occurs when a person hypoventilates
■ slow shallow breathing → SOB
■ bluish appearance → (↓O₂) = the fatigues
● Metabolic Acidosis: (base bicarbonate deficit)
○ occurs when an acid other than carbonic acid accumulates in the body
○ or when bicarbonate is lost in body fluids
Alkalosis pH > 7.5
● Respiratory Alkalosis: (carbonic acid deficit)
○ occurs with hyperventilation
○ ↑ in RR or volume
● Metabolic Alkalosis: (base bicarbonate excess)
○ occurs when a loss of acid [H⁺]
○ gain of base [HCO3] occurs
Buffers act chemically to change strong acids into weaker ones or bind them to neutralize them
Electrolytes Substances whose molecules dissociate or split into ions when placed in water
→ Cations are positively charged (K, Na, Ca)
→ Anions are negatively charged ions (HCO, Cl, PO34)
Hypertonic fluids with solutes more concentrated than in cells, or an increased osmolarity
the fluid surrounds a cell, water leaves the cell to dilute ECF, the cell shrinks and may
1
, eventually die
Hypotonic solutions in which the solutes are less concentrated than in cells
if a cell is surrounded by hypotonic fluid, water moves into the cell, causing it to swell and
possibly to burst
Isotonic fluids with the same osmolarity as the cell interior
→ normally ECF and ICF are isotonic to one another, so no net movement of water occurs
Osmosis the moment of water ‘down” a concentration gradient, that is, from a region of low solute
concentration to one of high solute concentration, across a semipermeable membrane
Arterial blood values that provide objective information about a patient's acid-base status, the underlying
gases (ABGs) cause of an imbalance, and the body’s ability to regulate pH
Acid Base ● Acids: produced during normal metabolism
Imbalances
● Bases: neutralize and promote excretion of acids
● The lower the pH the higher the H
● The higher the pH the lower H
pH and H Concentration
● Acidity or alkalinity depend on H concentration
● The lower the pH → the higher H
● ↑ H → Acidity → > 7.35 → acidosis
● ↓ H → alkalinity → > 7.45 → alkalosis
HCO3 → bicarbonate
H2CO3 → carbonic acid
HCl → Hydrochloric Acid
Questions Answers
What is the normal range of table values ● potassium- 3.5-5
(using the Lewis textbook) for:
● sodium- 135-145 mEq/L
● Potassium
● phosphorus- 2.4-4.4 mg/dL (0.78-1.42 mmol/L)
● Sodium
● calcium – 8.6 – 10.2 mg/dL (2.15-2.55 mmol/L)
● Phosphate
2
