MAC3701 EXAM AND ANSWERS 2024
According to Merton an integrated society maintains a balance between two elements -
ANSWERSsocial structure; culture
What specifically refers to shorter processes that use more limited information which
relate mainly to the immediate circumstances and situations? - ANSWERSCriminal
event decisions
Durkheim's work was influential in shifting the analysis of criminality away from sources
rooted in the individual to sources rooted in sociocultural factors. He believed that crime
is a/an... in any society and is therefore ... - ANSWERSnormal phenomenon; functional.
Social-structure theories focus on ... - ANSWERSsocial conditions.
According to Kohlberg's stages of development, people make moral decisions, not just
on the basis of what the law says, but on higher principles. This statement refers to
the... - ANSWERSpost-conventional stage.
Which one of the following theories contend that certain changes in the modern world
have provided motivated offenders with a far greater number of opportunities to commit
crime? - ANSWERSRoutine activities theory
Neo-classicists (Joyce, 2006) assert that a person is still accountable for his or her
actions but with minor reservations. Which two specific factors will influence the
offender to reform? - ANSWERSPast history and present situation
The Classical school believes that behaviour is guided by hedonism. The concept
hedonism can be described as ... whereby offenders calculate the risks and rewards of
crime. - ANSWERSa pleasure-and-pain principle
Process theories attempt to explain how individuals become offenders. The focus is
on... as experienced by the offender rather than the ... - ANSWERSsocial interactions;
social structure.
What is also referred to as "direct conditioning"? - ANSWERSDifferential
reinforcement
Discussing the existence of threatening impulses is called ... - .
ANSWERSdenial
In
terms of the theory of differential association, learning the techniques for committing
, crime is less important than acquiring the disposition needed to commit crime. This
includes: - ANSWERSMotives, attitude and drives
Akers (Williams, 2004) proposes that behaviour will be repeated when... -
ANSWERSpositive reinforcers outweigh negative reinforcers.
According to Jones (2001) the main strength of the theory of differential association is
that it showed that crime was not just a product of ... but that it could occur in all
settings. - ANSWERSpoverty
In relation to society's reaction to anomie, which of the following reactions or modes of
adaptations relates both to the most common reaction and to the most deviant reaction
to anomie? - ANSWERSConformity and innovation
The inability of a community structure to realise the common values of its residents and
maintain effective social control refers to which of the following theories? -
ANSWERSSocial disorganisation
Which of the following factors is an essential feature of Eysenck's biosocial theory of
crime? - ANSWERSGenetics
Choose the most correct option: One of the biosocial theory's core principles include:
- ANSWERSIndividual behaviour patterns are produced by genetic traits and the
environment
Identify the following statement which best represents the assumptions of the
positivistic school of thought: - ANSWERSIn favour of indeterminate sentences and the
individualisation of offenders
The following concept focuses mainly on overt behaviour, its observable antecedents
and consequences, rather than upon internal processes: - ANSWERSThe behavioural
perspective
"Offenders are rarely in possession of all the necessary facts about the risks, efforts
and rewards of crime". This statement refers to: - ANSWERSThe decision to commit an
offence
Event decisions involve a sequence of choices made at each stage of the criminal act.
This includes "escape" and "the aftermath". What other sequences of choices are also
included in the event decision process? - ANSWERSPreparation; target selection;
commission of the act
According to the routine activity theory a person's lifestyle influences the opportunity for
crime because it controls a person's ... - ANSWERSability to be protected
According to Merton an integrated society maintains a balance between two elements -
ANSWERSsocial structure; culture
What specifically refers to shorter processes that use more limited information which
relate mainly to the immediate circumstances and situations? - ANSWERSCriminal
event decisions
Durkheim's work was influential in shifting the analysis of criminality away from sources
rooted in the individual to sources rooted in sociocultural factors. He believed that crime
is a/an... in any society and is therefore ... - ANSWERSnormal phenomenon; functional.
Social-structure theories focus on ... - ANSWERSsocial conditions.
According to Kohlberg's stages of development, people make moral decisions, not just
on the basis of what the law says, but on higher principles. This statement refers to
the... - ANSWERSpost-conventional stage.
Which one of the following theories contend that certain changes in the modern world
have provided motivated offenders with a far greater number of opportunities to commit
crime? - ANSWERSRoutine activities theory
Neo-classicists (Joyce, 2006) assert that a person is still accountable for his or her
actions but with minor reservations. Which two specific factors will influence the
offender to reform? - ANSWERSPast history and present situation
The Classical school believes that behaviour is guided by hedonism. The concept
hedonism can be described as ... whereby offenders calculate the risks and rewards of
crime. - ANSWERSa pleasure-and-pain principle
Process theories attempt to explain how individuals become offenders. The focus is
on... as experienced by the offender rather than the ... - ANSWERSsocial interactions;
social structure.
What is also referred to as "direct conditioning"? - ANSWERSDifferential
reinforcement
Discussing the existence of threatening impulses is called ... - .
ANSWERSdenial
In
terms of the theory of differential association, learning the techniques for committing
, crime is less important than acquiring the disposition needed to commit crime. This
includes: - ANSWERSMotives, attitude and drives
Akers (Williams, 2004) proposes that behaviour will be repeated when... -
ANSWERSpositive reinforcers outweigh negative reinforcers.
According to Jones (2001) the main strength of the theory of differential association is
that it showed that crime was not just a product of ... but that it could occur in all
settings. - ANSWERSpoverty
In relation to society's reaction to anomie, which of the following reactions or modes of
adaptations relates both to the most common reaction and to the most deviant reaction
to anomie? - ANSWERSConformity and innovation
The inability of a community structure to realise the common values of its residents and
maintain effective social control refers to which of the following theories? -
ANSWERSSocial disorganisation
Which of the following factors is an essential feature of Eysenck's biosocial theory of
crime? - ANSWERSGenetics
Choose the most correct option: One of the biosocial theory's core principles include:
- ANSWERSIndividual behaviour patterns are produced by genetic traits and the
environment
Identify the following statement which best represents the assumptions of the
positivistic school of thought: - ANSWERSIn favour of indeterminate sentences and the
individualisation of offenders
The following concept focuses mainly on overt behaviour, its observable antecedents
and consequences, rather than upon internal processes: - ANSWERSThe behavioural
perspective
"Offenders are rarely in possession of all the necessary facts about the risks, efforts
and rewards of crime". This statement refers to: - ANSWERSThe decision to commit an
offence
Event decisions involve a sequence of choices made at each stage of the criminal act.
This includes "escape" and "the aftermath". What other sequences of choices are also
included in the event decision process? - ANSWERSPreparation; target selection;
commission of the act
According to the routine activity theory a person's lifestyle influences the opportunity for
crime because it controls a person's ... - ANSWERSability to be protected
