N3 Final Study Set** (Julieyang83)-Question with Correct Answers/
Verified
Sodium - ✔️✔️135 - 145 mEq/L
-Plays a major role in maintaining ECF concentration (osmolality) and volume
-Main cation in ECF; primary determinant of osmolality (a measure of solute concentration)
-*Important in generation and transmission of nerve impulses*
-Important in acid-base balance
Calcium - ✔️✔️8.5-10.5 mg/dL
-Excessive Ca+; thirst, CNS deterioration, Increased interstitial fluids.
-Deficit in Ca+; Tetany, Chvostek's/Trousseau's, muscle twitching, CNS changes, EKG changes
WBC's - ✔️✔️5,000 to 10,000
-Consists of monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
-Increase in presence of inflammation, tissue injury, infection
Hemoglobin (Hgb) - ✔️✔️-[f] 12-16 ; [m] 13.5 - 18
Iron-containing protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues of the
body
*Note: hematocrit is 3x higher than hgb*
potassium - ✔️✔️3.5-5.5
-Major ICF cation
-K+ is necessary for: the *transmission and conduction of nerve impulses*, normal cardiac rhythms,
skeletal muscle contractions, & acid-base balance
-Critical to action membrane potential
Platelets - ✔️✔️150,000 to 350,000/mcg
-Help clot blood
[thrombocytopenia- low platelets (bleeding risk)]
,lactic acid - ✔️✔️-Normal 4.5 to 19.8 mg/dL (0.5-2.2 mmol/L)
-A by-product of anaerobic or glucose metabolism [insufficient oxygen to the body]
Hypoxia = Lactic Acid Buildup= muscle fatigue. - ✔️✔️-The upper limit of venous lactic acid is: *2.2
mmol per liter*
troponin - ✔️✔️-Normal <0.2 ng/dL *gold standard for MI*
-Cardiac biomarker specific to myocardial damage and has 2 specific isomers and elevates 3-4 hours
and remains elevated for up to 3 weeks (helpful in the pt that delays)
bilirubin - ✔️✔️-Total: 0.1-1.2 in adults and 1-12 mg/dl newborn
-Direct: 0.1 to 0.3 mg/dl
-by-product of hemoglobin breakdown
AST (aspartate aminotransferase) - ✔️✔️8-38 units/L
-enzyme found mainly in heart muscle and liver, moderate amounts found; skeletal muscles,
kidneys, pancreas
-Rises with cellular injury, liver injury (hepatitis, necrosis), pancreatitis, musculoskeletal trauma
ALT (alanine ami-nontransferase) - ✔️✔️10-25 units/L
-Enzyme found primarily in liver cells, also (small amt) found in heart, kidney, skeletal muscles
-*Used to differentiate between jaundice caused by liver disease (>300 units/L) and causes outside
of the liver (<300 units/L)*
Albumin - ✔️✔️3.4 to 5.0 g/dL
-a plasma protein that maintains oncotic pressure [prevents edema], and transports water soluble
substances [fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin, meds]
-decreased with malnourished states
ABG's - ✔️✔️(From Acidic to Basic)
pH 7.35------------7.45
pCO2 45-------------35
, HCO3 22-------------26
PO2 80-100 mmHg is normal
Stridor - ✔️✔️*Inspiratory* wheezing (Note: Asthma is expiratory wheezing)
-Harsh or high-pitched respiratory sound, caused by an obstruction of the air passages
anticipatory nausea - ✔️✔️a conditioned response resulting from repeated association of
chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting from the environment
- Dexamethasone (most effective for prevention)
delayed nausea - ✔️✔️Persistent vomiting lasting 1-4 days after chemotherapy administration
-Administer antiemetics; metoclopramide (Reglan)
Zone of Coagulation - ✔️✔️Area of the burn that has the most contact with the causative agent,
causing coagulated cellular necrosis.
Zone of Stasis - ✔️✔️Area peripheral to the zone of coagulation characterized by injured viable cells
with compromised blood flow.
Zone of Hyperemia - ✔️✔️Area peripheral to the zone of stasis characterized by viable cells with
*minimal injury*
Physiology of dying - ✔️✔️-*Cardiovascular*: decrease BP, increase HR, pulse, decrease perfusion;
mottling
-*Central Nervous System*: confusion, delirium, twitchy, seizures (ativan), pupils dilate to fixed with
hypoxia.
-*Pulmonary System*: hypoxia; confusion, orthopnea, irregular breathing, tachycardia, and use of
accessory muscles to breathe. Restlessness, irritability, and anxiety.
-*Renal system*: urine decrease, shut down kidneys
The last 72 hours - ✔️✔️Symptoms:
-tachypnea and periods of apnea
Verified
Sodium - ✔️✔️135 - 145 mEq/L
-Plays a major role in maintaining ECF concentration (osmolality) and volume
-Main cation in ECF; primary determinant of osmolality (a measure of solute concentration)
-*Important in generation and transmission of nerve impulses*
-Important in acid-base balance
Calcium - ✔️✔️8.5-10.5 mg/dL
-Excessive Ca+; thirst, CNS deterioration, Increased interstitial fluids.
-Deficit in Ca+; Tetany, Chvostek's/Trousseau's, muscle twitching, CNS changes, EKG changes
WBC's - ✔️✔️5,000 to 10,000
-Consists of monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
-Increase in presence of inflammation, tissue injury, infection
Hemoglobin (Hgb) - ✔️✔️-[f] 12-16 ; [m] 13.5 - 18
Iron-containing protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues of the
body
*Note: hematocrit is 3x higher than hgb*
potassium - ✔️✔️3.5-5.5
-Major ICF cation
-K+ is necessary for: the *transmission and conduction of nerve impulses*, normal cardiac rhythms,
skeletal muscle contractions, & acid-base balance
-Critical to action membrane potential
Platelets - ✔️✔️150,000 to 350,000/mcg
-Help clot blood
[thrombocytopenia- low platelets (bleeding risk)]
,lactic acid - ✔️✔️-Normal 4.5 to 19.8 mg/dL (0.5-2.2 mmol/L)
-A by-product of anaerobic or glucose metabolism [insufficient oxygen to the body]
Hypoxia = Lactic Acid Buildup= muscle fatigue. - ✔️✔️-The upper limit of venous lactic acid is: *2.2
mmol per liter*
troponin - ✔️✔️-Normal <0.2 ng/dL *gold standard for MI*
-Cardiac biomarker specific to myocardial damage and has 2 specific isomers and elevates 3-4 hours
and remains elevated for up to 3 weeks (helpful in the pt that delays)
bilirubin - ✔️✔️-Total: 0.1-1.2 in adults and 1-12 mg/dl newborn
-Direct: 0.1 to 0.3 mg/dl
-by-product of hemoglobin breakdown
AST (aspartate aminotransferase) - ✔️✔️8-38 units/L
-enzyme found mainly in heart muscle and liver, moderate amounts found; skeletal muscles,
kidneys, pancreas
-Rises with cellular injury, liver injury (hepatitis, necrosis), pancreatitis, musculoskeletal trauma
ALT (alanine ami-nontransferase) - ✔️✔️10-25 units/L
-Enzyme found primarily in liver cells, also (small amt) found in heart, kidney, skeletal muscles
-*Used to differentiate between jaundice caused by liver disease (>300 units/L) and causes outside
of the liver (<300 units/L)*
Albumin - ✔️✔️3.4 to 5.0 g/dL
-a plasma protein that maintains oncotic pressure [prevents edema], and transports water soluble
substances [fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin, meds]
-decreased with malnourished states
ABG's - ✔️✔️(From Acidic to Basic)
pH 7.35------------7.45
pCO2 45-------------35
, HCO3 22-------------26
PO2 80-100 mmHg is normal
Stridor - ✔️✔️*Inspiratory* wheezing (Note: Asthma is expiratory wheezing)
-Harsh or high-pitched respiratory sound, caused by an obstruction of the air passages
anticipatory nausea - ✔️✔️a conditioned response resulting from repeated association of
chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting from the environment
- Dexamethasone (most effective for prevention)
delayed nausea - ✔️✔️Persistent vomiting lasting 1-4 days after chemotherapy administration
-Administer antiemetics; metoclopramide (Reglan)
Zone of Coagulation - ✔️✔️Area of the burn that has the most contact with the causative agent,
causing coagulated cellular necrosis.
Zone of Stasis - ✔️✔️Area peripheral to the zone of coagulation characterized by injured viable cells
with compromised blood flow.
Zone of Hyperemia - ✔️✔️Area peripheral to the zone of stasis characterized by viable cells with
*minimal injury*
Physiology of dying - ✔️✔️-*Cardiovascular*: decrease BP, increase HR, pulse, decrease perfusion;
mottling
-*Central Nervous System*: confusion, delirium, twitchy, seizures (ativan), pupils dilate to fixed with
hypoxia.
-*Pulmonary System*: hypoxia; confusion, orthopnea, irregular breathing, tachycardia, and use of
accessory muscles to breathe. Restlessness, irritability, and anxiety.
-*Renal system*: urine decrease, shut down kidneys
The last 72 hours - ✔️✔️Symptoms:
-tachypnea and periods of apnea
