AC-HPAT Biology UPDATED Exam
Questions and CORRECT Answers
Pancreas and Type 1 diabetes - Correct Answer- The pancreas is the organ that produces
insulin, and it plays a major role in regulating blood glucose levels. Type 1 diabetes occurs
when the pancreas does not make enough or any insulin.
How does insulin work in diabetes? - Correct Answer- Insulin pumps are small, computerized
devices that mimic the way the human pancreas works by delivering small doses of short
acting insulin continuously (basal rate). The device also is used to deliver variable amounts of
insulin when a meal is eaten (bolus)
chemotherapy - Correct Answer- Chemotherapy is a drug treatment that uses powerful
chemicals to kill fast-growing cells in your body. Chemotherapy is most often used to treat
cancer, since cancer cells grow and multiply much more quickly than most cells in the body.
It targets cells that grow and divide quickly, as cancer cells do. Unlike radiation or surgery,
which target specific areas, chemo can work throughout your body. But it can also affect
some fast-growing healthy cells, like those of the skin, hair, intestines, and bone marrow.
How can stem cells be used in the treatment of leukemia? And how effective is it? - Correct
Answer- Stem cell transplant replaces the leukemia cells in your bone marrow with new ones
that make blood. Your doctor can get the new stem cells from your own body or from a
donor. Stem cell transplantation is effective against leukemia. In many cases, however, the
transferred immune cells of the donor also attack the recipients' healthy tissue—often with
fatal consequences. ... Stem cell therapy offers people suffering from leukemia or bone-
marrow cancer the chance of full recovery.
Why is laser technology more effective than conventional surgery in removing cancerous
tumours? - Correct Answer- Lasers are more precise than standard surgical tools (scalpels), so
they do less damage to normal tissues. As a result, patients usually have less pain, bleeding,
swelling, and scarring. With laser therapy, operations are usually shorter.
Urinary system - Correct Answer- · The urinary system, also known as the renal system or
urinary tract, consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra. The purpose of the
urinary system is to eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood
pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH
,Nanotechnology - Correct Answer- Nanotechnology can provide rapid and sensitive detection
of cancer-related molecules, enabling scientists to detect molecular changes even when they
occur only in a small percentage of cells.
Mercury poisoning - Correct Answer- The most common cause of mercury poisoning is from
consuming too much methyl mercury or organic mercury, which is linked to eating seafood.
Small amounts of mercury are present in everyday foods and products, which may not affect
your health. Too much mercury, however, can be poisonous. Mercury salts affect primarily
the gastrointestinal tract and the kidneys, and can cause severe kidney damage; however, as
they cannot cross the blood-brain barrier easily, these salts inflict little neurological damage
without continuous or heavy exposure.
How can ultraviolet light from the sun affect the cells of the human eye? - Correct Answer-
UV rays may lead to macular degeneration, a leading cause of vision loss for older
Americans. UV rays, especially UV-B rays, may also cause some kinds of cataracts. A
cataract is a clouding of the eye's natural lens, the part of the eye that focuses the light we see.
Macromolecules - Correct Answer- Macromolecules are large molecules composed of
thousands of covalently connected atoms. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
are all macromolecules. Macromolecules are formed by many monomers linking together,
forming a polymer.
passive transport - Correct Answer- Passive transport is a movement of ions and other atomic
or molecular substances across cell membranes without need of energy input. Unlike active
transport, it does not require an input of cellular energy because it is instead driven by the
tendency of the system to grow in entropy.
active transport - Correct Answer- active transport is the movement of molecules across a
membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against
the concentration gradient. Active transport requires cellular energy to achieve this
movement.
catalyst - Correct Answer- Catalyst: a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction
without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change.
fluid mosaic model - Correct Answer- describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a
mosaic of components —including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates—
that gives the membrane a fluid character. The proportions of proteins, lipids, and
carbohydrates in the plasma membrane vary with cell type
, Effect of lead on nerve cells - Correct Answer- Lead poisoning can cause peripheral nerve
damage: this can cause muscle weakness and problems with the sense of touch. When
researchers examine these damaged nerves, they find that the myelin insulation is often gone,
and the axons are destroyed. These changes prevent nerves from transmitting messages
properly.
the effect of electromagnetic radiation on brain - Correct Answer- Reported symptoms
include headaches, anxiety, suicide and depression, nausea, fatigue and loss of libido. To date,
scientific evidence does not support a link between these symptoms and exposure to
electromagnetic fields.
Carbohydrates function - Correct Answer- Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecule
on Earth. Living organisms use carbohydrates as accessible energy to fuel cellular reactions
and for structural support inside cell walls. Cells attach carbohydrate molecules to proteins
and lipids, modifying structures to enhance functionality.
Proteins function - Correct Answer- Proteins fold up into specific shapes according to the
sequence of amino acids in the polymer, and the protein function is directly related to the
resulting 3D structure. Proteins may also interact with each other or other macromolecules in
the body to create complex assemblies.
Enzymes function - Correct Answer- Enzymes are the catalysts involved in biological
chemical reactions. They are the "gnomes" inside each one of us that take molecules like
nucleotides and align them together to create DNA, or amino acids to make proteins, to name
two of thousands of such functions.
Function of lipids - Correct Answer- They include fats, waxes, oils, hormones, and certain
components of membranes and function as energy-storage molecules and chemical
messengers. Together with proteins and carbohydrates, lipids are one of the principal
structural components of living cells
Lysosomes - Correct Answer- One of the key organelles involved in digestion and waste
removal is the lysosome. Lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes. They
digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria.
Vacuole - Correct Answer- · Vacuoles are membrane-bound sacs within the cytoplasm of a
cell that function in several different ways. In mature plant cells, vacuoles tend to be very
Questions and CORRECT Answers
Pancreas and Type 1 diabetes - Correct Answer- The pancreas is the organ that produces
insulin, and it plays a major role in regulating blood glucose levels. Type 1 diabetes occurs
when the pancreas does not make enough or any insulin.
How does insulin work in diabetes? - Correct Answer- Insulin pumps are small, computerized
devices that mimic the way the human pancreas works by delivering small doses of short
acting insulin continuously (basal rate). The device also is used to deliver variable amounts of
insulin when a meal is eaten (bolus)
chemotherapy - Correct Answer- Chemotherapy is a drug treatment that uses powerful
chemicals to kill fast-growing cells in your body. Chemotherapy is most often used to treat
cancer, since cancer cells grow and multiply much more quickly than most cells in the body.
It targets cells that grow and divide quickly, as cancer cells do. Unlike radiation or surgery,
which target specific areas, chemo can work throughout your body. But it can also affect
some fast-growing healthy cells, like those of the skin, hair, intestines, and bone marrow.
How can stem cells be used in the treatment of leukemia? And how effective is it? - Correct
Answer- Stem cell transplant replaces the leukemia cells in your bone marrow with new ones
that make blood. Your doctor can get the new stem cells from your own body or from a
donor. Stem cell transplantation is effective against leukemia. In many cases, however, the
transferred immune cells of the donor also attack the recipients' healthy tissue—often with
fatal consequences. ... Stem cell therapy offers people suffering from leukemia or bone-
marrow cancer the chance of full recovery.
Why is laser technology more effective than conventional surgery in removing cancerous
tumours? - Correct Answer- Lasers are more precise than standard surgical tools (scalpels), so
they do less damage to normal tissues. As a result, patients usually have less pain, bleeding,
swelling, and scarring. With laser therapy, operations are usually shorter.
Urinary system - Correct Answer- · The urinary system, also known as the renal system or
urinary tract, consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra. The purpose of the
urinary system is to eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood
pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH
,Nanotechnology - Correct Answer- Nanotechnology can provide rapid and sensitive detection
of cancer-related molecules, enabling scientists to detect molecular changes even when they
occur only in a small percentage of cells.
Mercury poisoning - Correct Answer- The most common cause of mercury poisoning is from
consuming too much methyl mercury or organic mercury, which is linked to eating seafood.
Small amounts of mercury are present in everyday foods and products, which may not affect
your health. Too much mercury, however, can be poisonous. Mercury salts affect primarily
the gastrointestinal tract and the kidneys, and can cause severe kidney damage; however, as
they cannot cross the blood-brain barrier easily, these salts inflict little neurological damage
without continuous or heavy exposure.
How can ultraviolet light from the sun affect the cells of the human eye? - Correct Answer-
UV rays may lead to macular degeneration, a leading cause of vision loss for older
Americans. UV rays, especially UV-B rays, may also cause some kinds of cataracts. A
cataract is a clouding of the eye's natural lens, the part of the eye that focuses the light we see.
Macromolecules - Correct Answer- Macromolecules are large molecules composed of
thousands of covalently connected atoms. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
are all macromolecules. Macromolecules are formed by many monomers linking together,
forming a polymer.
passive transport - Correct Answer- Passive transport is a movement of ions and other atomic
or molecular substances across cell membranes without need of energy input. Unlike active
transport, it does not require an input of cellular energy because it is instead driven by the
tendency of the system to grow in entropy.
active transport - Correct Answer- active transport is the movement of molecules across a
membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against
the concentration gradient. Active transport requires cellular energy to achieve this
movement.
catalyst - Correct Answer- Catalyst: a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction
without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change.
fluid mosaic model - Correct Answer- describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a
mosaic of components —including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates—
that gives the membrane a fluid character. The proportions of proteins, lipids, and
carbohydrates in the plasma membrane vary with cell type
, Effect of lead on nerve cells - Correct Answer- Lead poisoning can cause peripheral nerve
damage: this can cause muscle weakness and problems with the sense of touch. When
researchers examine these damaged nerves, they find that the myelin insulation is often gone,
and the axons are destroyed. These changes prevent nerves from transmitting messages
properly.
the effect of electromagnetic radiation on brain - Correct Answer- Reported symptoms
include headaches, anxiety, suicide and depression, nausea, fatigue and loss of libido. To date,
scientific evidence does not support a link between these symptoms and exposure to
electromagnetic fields.
Carbohydrates function - Correct Answer- Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecule
on Earth. Living organisms use carbohydrates as accessible energy to fuel cellular reactions
and for structural support inside cell walls. Cells attach carbohydrate molecules to proteins
and lipids, modifying structures to enhance functionality.
Proteins function - Correct Answer- Proteins fold up into specific shapes according to the
sequence of amino acids in the polymer, and the protein function is directly related to the
resulting 3D structure. Proteins may also interact with each other or other macromolecules in
the body to create complex assemblies.
Enzymes function - Correct Answer- Enzymes are the catalysts involved in biological
chemical reactions. They are the "gnomes" inside each one of us that take molecules like
nucleotides and align them together to create DNA, or amino acids to make proteins, to name
two of thousands of such functions.
Function of lipids - Correct Answer- They include fats, waxes, oils, hormones, and certain
components of membranes and function as energy-storage molecules and chemical
messengers. Together with proteins and carbohydrates, lipids are one of the principal
structural components of living cells
Lysosomes - Correct Answer- One of the key organelles involved in digestion and waste
removal is the lysosome. Lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes. They
digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria.
Vacuole - Correct Answer- · Vacuoles are membrane-bound sacs within the cytoplasm of a
cell that function in several different ways. In mature plant cells, vacuoles tend to be very
