cusp = knobbbel
systole: hart trekt samen en pompt bloed uit disatole: hart ontspant na contractie en vult zich met bloed
Thorax
The pleura: lines the thoracic wall in the inside
Structure inside thorax: remove ribs 2-7 and sternum (leaving the costal arches intact)
The layer that covers the lung = visceral pleura
The layer that lines the cavity = parietal pleura
Each lung occupies a completely sealed space; its volume can never be greater or less
than the volume of the pleural cavity
Inspiration: volume in cavity increased by downward movement of diaphragm or
forward movement of ribs ➜ parietal pleura pulls on visceral pleura ➜ lung expands ➜
breathe in
Expiration: volume of cavity is decreased ➜ lung is compressed ➜ we breath out
Respiration = the whole process of breathing
Thoracic cavity divided into 2 separate cavities by the mediastinum (from the vertebral bodies
behind to the sternum in front)
Within: heart, great blood vessels, esophagus, trachea
Diaphragm: partition between thorax and abdomen
Helps with respiration
Structure: thin, continuous sheet of muscle with fibers that converge from all around
the circumference to insert on the central tendon of the diaphragm
The line of attachment of the diaphragm: on the back of the sternum along the
inside of the costal arch and round to the tip of the twelfth rib
3 important structures through diaphragm: esophagus, infer. vena cava, desc. aorta
When the diaphragm contracts ➜ the whole sheet of muscle with the central tendon
moves downward ➜ lungs expanding ➜ breathe in
Breathing quietly: only movement of the abdomen
Breathing vigorously: also movement of the ribs
Muscles of inspiration
diaphragm
external intercostal muscles
Structure: thin sheets of muscles that connect each rib to the next
Action: upward and forward movement of the anterior chest wall
scalene muscles
Structure: anterior, middle, posterior
Action: raising first and second ribs (and manubrium in deep inspiration)
Muscles of expiration
, diaphragm
internal intercostal muscles:
Stucture: lie just beneath external intercostals
Action: moves the anterior chest wall downwards and backwards
muscles of the abdominal wall
Structure: transversus abdominis, internal oblique, external oblique
Action: - raise the intra-abdominal pressure and push the diaphragm up
- pull the lower ribs downward, assisting the action of the internal intercostals
- forced expiration (coughing, sneezing)
Heart
Location: - behind the sternum and lungs, directly above the diaphragm
- left ventricle forward and left, right ventricle partially wrapped around left
- when diaphragm moves, heart moves with it
Function: - blood from upper part of body -> in right atrium via superior vena cava
- blood from lower part of body -> in right atrium via inferior vena cava
- blood from the lungs -> in left atrium via pulmonary veins (4: 2 from each lung)
- in diastole: blood in left atrium -> left ventricle via left atrioventricular valve
Right ventricle
Tricuspid valve (= right atrioventricular valve): has 3 or 2 cusps (septal, anterior, posterior)
Chordae tendineae = tendon-like material attached near the edges of the valve cusps
=> arise from papillary muscles, (originating from the ventricular walls)
function papillary muscles and chordae tendineae: prevent the cusps of the valve from
prolapsing back into the atrium during systole
Trabeculae carnae = bands of muscle inside right ventricle
=> form dense criss-cross pattern over most of ventricular wall
Infundibulum (conum) = tapering part of right ventricle that leads up to pulmonary valve
=> smooth lining (unlike the rest of the right ventricle)
Left ventricle
Interventricular septum: wall that separates left and right ventricles
=> left ventricle has thicker wall than right
Mitral valve (= left atrioventricular valve): has 2 cusps (anterior, posterior)
Chordae tendineae from both cusps converge on 2 sets of papillary muscles: on the
posterolateral and anteromedial wall of the ventricle
Each group of papillary muscles sends chordae tendinae to each of the cusps of mitral valve
Ventricles: outflow pathway
systole: hart trekt samen en pompt bloed uit disatole: hart ontspant na contractie en vult zich met bloed
Thorax
The pleura: lines the thoracic wall in the inside
Structure inside thorax: remove ribs 2-7 and sternum (leaving the costal arches intact)
The layer that covers the lung = visceral pleura
The layer that lines the cavity = parietal pleura
Each lung occupies a completely sealed space; its volume can never be greater or less
than the volume of the pleural cavity
Inspiration: volume in cavity increased by downward movement of diaphragm or
forward movement of ribs ➜ parietal pleura pulls on visceral pleura ➜ lung expands ➜
breathe in
Expiration: volume of cavity is decreased ➜ lung is compressed ➜ we breath out
Respiration = the whole process of breathing
Thoracic cavity divided into 2 separate cavities by the mediastinum (from the vertebral bodies
behind to the sternum in front)
Within: heart, great blood vessels, esophagus, trachea
Diaphragm: partition between thorax and abdomen
Helps with respiration
Structure: thin, continuous sheet of muscle with fibers that converge from all around
the circumference to insert on the central tendon of the diaphragm
The line of attachment of the diaphragm: on the back of the sternum along the
inside of the costal arch and round to the tip of the twelfth rib
3 important structures through diaphragm: esophagus, infer. vena cava, desc. aorta
When the diaphragm contracts ➜ the whole sheet of muscle with the central tendon
moves downward ➜ lungs expanding ➜ breathe in
Breathing quietly: only movement of the abdomen
Breathing vigorously: also movement of the ribs
Muscles of inspiration
diaphragm
external intercostal muscles
Structure: thin sheets of muscles that connect each rib to the next
Action: upward and forward movement of the anterior chest wall
scalene muscles
Structure: anterior, middle, posterior
Action: raising first and second ribs (and manubrium in deep inspiration)
Muscles of expiration
, diaphragm
internal intercostal muscles:
Stucture: lie just beneath external intercostals
Action: moves the anterior chest wall downwards and backwards
muscles of the abdominal wall
Structure: transversus abdominis, internal oblique, external oblique
Action: - raise the intra-abdominal pressure and push the diaphragm up
- pull the lower ribs downward, assisting the action of the internal intercostals
- forced expiration (coughing, sneezing)
Heart
Location: - behind the sternum and lungs, directly above the diaphragm
- left ventricle forward and left, right ventricle partially wrapped around left
- when diaphragm moves, heart moves with it
Function: - blood from upper part of body -> in right atrium via superior vena cava
- blood from lower part of body -> in right atrium via inferior vena cava
- blood from the lungs -> in left atrium via pulmonary veins (4: 2 from each lung)
- in diastole: blood in left atrium -> left ventricle via left atrioventricular valve
Right ventricle
Tricuspid valve (= right atrioventricular valve): has 3 or 2 cusps (septal, anterior, posterior)
Chordae tendineae = tendon-like material attached near the edges of the valve cusps
=> arise from papillary muscles, (originating from the ventricular walls)
function papillary muscles and chordae tendineae: prevent the cusps of the valve from
prolapsing back into the atrium during systole
Trabeculae carnae = bands of muscle inside right ventricle
=> form dense criss-cross pattern over most of ventricular wall
Infundibulum (conum) = tapering part of right ventricle that leads up to pulmonary valve
=> smooth lining (unlike the rest of the right ventricle)
Left ventricle
Interventricular septum: wall that separates left and right ventricles
=> left ventricle has thicker wall than right
Mitral valve (= left atrioventricular valve): has 2 cusps (anterior, posterior)
Chordae tendineae from both cusps converge on 2 sets of papillary muscles: on the
posterolateral and anteromedial wall of the ventricle
Each group of papillary muscles sends chordae tendinae to each of the cusps of mitral valve
Ventricles: outflow pathway
