MCAT 2024 Latest Version | 100% Pass
What is the primary function of the kidney's loop of Henle?
✔✔The primary function of the loop of Henle is to create a concentration gradient in the medulla
of the kidney, which helps in the reabsorption of water and salts to concentrate urine.
How does the process of mitosis differ from meiosis?
✔✔Mitosis results in two identical diploid daughter cells, while meiosis produces four
genetically diverse haploid gametes.
What is the role of the chloroplast in plant cells?
✔✔Chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical
energy stored in glucose molecules.
Explain the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction.
1
,✔✔The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores and releases calcium ions, which are crucial for initiating
muscle contraction by interacting with the contractile proteins.
What is the significance of the pH scale in biological systems?
✔✔The pH scale measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, which is important for
maintaining enzyme activity and overall biochemical balance in biological systems.
Describe how antibodies recognize and bind to antigens.
✔✔Antibodies recognize and bind to specific antigens through their variable regions, which
have unique structures complementary to the antigen's epitope.
What role do ribosomes play in protein synthesis?
✔✔Ribosomes translate mRNA into polypeptide chains by facilitating the assembly of amino
acids in the correct sequence according to the mRNA code.
How does the process of cellular respiration contribute to ATP production?
2
,✔✔Cellular respiration converts glucose and oxygen into ATP, carbon dioxide, and water
through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
Explain the concept of enzyme specificity.
✔✔Enzyme specificity refers to the ability of an enzyme to choose exact substrates from a group
of similar molecules, enabling it to catalyze specific biochemical reactions.
What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum in protein processing?
✔✔The endoplasmic reticulum assists in the synthesis, folding, modification, and transport of
proteins and lipids within the cell.
What is the role of the Golgi apparatus in the cell?
✔✔The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or
delivery to other organelles.
3
, Describe the process of glycolysis and its primary output.
✔✔Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, producing a net gain
of two ATP molecules and two NADH molecules.
How does the structure of a nucleotide contribute to its function in DNA?
✔✔A nucleotide, composed of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base, forms the
basic building block of DNA, with its sequence encoding genetic information through base
pairing.
Explain the role of the enzyme ATP synthase in cellular respiration.
✔✔ATP synthase synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate by utilizing the energy
from the proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane during oxidative phosphorylation.
What is the function of the lysosome in cellular digestion?
4
What is the primary function of the kidney's loop of Henle?
✔✔The primary function of the loop of Henle is to create a concentration gradient in the medulla
of the kidney, which helps in the reabsorption of water and salts to concentrate urine.
How does the process of mitosis differ from meiosis?
✔✔Mitosis results in two identical diploid daughter cells, while meiosis produces four
genetically diverse haploid gametes.
What is the role of the chloroplast in plant cells?
✔✔Chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical
energy stored in glucose molecules.
Explain the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction.
1
,✔✔The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores and releases calcium ions, which are crucial for initiating
muscle contraction by interacting with the contractile proteins.
What is the significance of the pH scale in biological systems?
✔✔The pH scale measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, which is important for
maintaining enzyme activity and overall biochemical balance in biological systems.
Describe how antibodies recognize and bind to antigens.
✔✔Antibodies recognize and bind to specific antigens through their variable regions, which
have unique structures complementary to the antigen's epitope.
What role do ribosomes play in protein synthesis?
✔✔Ribosomes translate mRNA into polypeptide chains by facilitating the assembly of amino
acids in the correct sequence according to the mRNA code.
How does the process of cellular respiration contribute to ATP production?
2
,✔✔Cellular respiration converts glucose and oxygen into ATP, carbon dioxide, and water
through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
Explain the concept of enzyme specificity.
✔✔Enzyme specificity refers to the ability of an enzyme to choose exact substrates from a group
of similar molecules, enabling it to catalyze specific biochemical reactions.
What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum in protein processing?
✔✔The endoplasmic reticulum assists in the synthesis, folding, modification, and transport of
proteins and lipids within the cell.
What is the role of the Golgi apparatus in the cell?
✔✔The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or
delivery to other organelles.
3
, Describe the process of glycolysis and its primary output.
✔✔Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, producing a net gain
of two ATP molecules and two NADH molecules.
How does the structure of a nucleotide contribute to its function in DNA?
✔✔A nucleotide, composed of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base, forms the
basic building block of DNA, with its sequence encoding genetic information through base
pairing.
Explain the role of the enzyme ATP synthase in cellular respiration.
✔✔ATP synthase synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate by utilizing the energy
from the proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane during oxidative phosphorylation.
What is the function of the lysosome in cellular digestion?
4
