Medical Surgical Nursing Exam Test Question and Answer
stroke basic definition
Answer: sudden loss of neurological function caused by an interruption of blood flow to the brain
ischemic stroke
Answer: most common type of stroke
affects about 80% of ppl with stroke
results from a clot blocking or impairing blood flow....deprives the brain of o2 and nutrients
hemorrhagic stroke
Answer: occurs when blood vessels rupture
causes leakage of blood in or around the brain
how long must neurological defecits persist for an "episode" to be classified as a stroke?
Answer: 24 hours
stroke stats that for some reason may be on the test
Answer: stroke is 4th leading cause of death and leading cause of long term disability in the USA
7,000,000 Americans over 20 yrs age have had a stroke
each year 795,000 ppl have stroke...610,00 of those are first time strokes, the other 185,000 are
recurrent strokes
more stroke stats that may be on the test for some reason
Answer: women have lower age-adjusted stroke incidence than men...
...but that incidence whatever reverses in older age--women over 85 have elevated risk compared to
men
African Americans have twice the risk of first ever stroke compared to white folks...rates are also higher
in Mexican Americans, American Indians, Alaska natives....first Donald Trump, now this!
stroke incidence stats
Answer: incidence of stroke increases dramatically with age, doubles in decade after age 65
28% of strokes occur in ppl younger than 65
5-14% of ppl who survive initial stroke will experience another one within a yr...within 5 yrs, 24% of
women will have recurrence, 42% of men
stroke death stats
Answer: stroke deaths # greater than 143k annually
,strokes account for 1 out of ever 18 deaths in the USA
hemorrhagic stroke has highest death rate-mortality rate is 37-38% at 1 month
ischemic death rate-8-12% at one month
factors affecting stroke survival rates
Answer: age, HTN, heart disease, diabetes
LOC at onset of stroke, lesion size, persistance of severe hemiplegia, hx of previous stroke, multiple # of
neurological defecits
stroke disability stats
Answer: once again leading cause of disability in USA
for ischemic stroke survivors 65 or older-disabillities at 6 months out are below:
hemiparesis-50%
cant walk w/o assist-30%
dependent in ADLs-26%
aphasia-19%
depression-35%
26 % of pts w/ stroke end up in a long term care facility
atherosclerosis and its role in stroke
Answer: major contributing factor
quick and dirty: plaque formation on arterial walls leading to progressive narrowing of blood vessels
blood flow interruption typically occurs are certain sites-bifurcations, constrictions, dilations,
angulations of arteries...
...most common sites: origin of common carotid artery, @ transition of common carotid to middle
cerebral artery, junction of vertebral arteries w/ basilar artery
what causes ischemic stroke
Answer: result of thrombus, embolism, or conditions that produce low systemic perfusion pressures,
results in decreased cerebral blood flow
lack of blood flow deprives the brain of needed o2, glucose, disrupts cellular metabolism, leads to tissue
death
thrombus defined
Answer: results from platelet adhesion and aggregation on plaques
thrombi lead to ischemia aka occlusion of an artery with a resulting cerebral infarction or tissue (ABI)
, thrombi can also become dislodged and travel to a more distal site in the form of an intra-artery
embolus
cerebral thrombosis
Answer: formation or development of a blood clot within the cerebral arteries or their branches
cerebral embolus
Answer: bits of matter eg blood clot or plaque form somewhere and are released into the bloodstream
they travel to the cerebral arteries and lodge producing occlusion and infarction
most common source of cerebral embolus
Answer: disease of the cardiovascular system
low systemic perfusion and ischemic stroke
Answer: low systemic perfusion from cardiac failure or significant blood loss (with resulting
hypotension) can also cause ischemic stroke
systemic failure=global, bilateral neurological dfecits
intracerebral hemorrhage
Answer: caused by rupture of cerebral vessel with subsequent bleeding into the brain
primary cerebral hemorrhage
Answer: aka nontraumatic spontaneous hemorrhage
typically occurs in small blood vessels weakened by atherosclerosis
produces aneurysm
subarachnoid hemorrhage
Answer: occurs from bleeding into subarachnoid space typically from a saccular or berry aneurysm (?)
affecting primarily large blood vessels
aneurysm
Answer: an excessive localized enlargement of an artery caused by a weakening of the artery wall.
what is a major contributing factor to the formation of aneurysm
Answer: congenital defects
produce that weakness in blood vessel wall
chronic HTN is linked to what....ischemic stroke or hemorrhagic stroke
Answer: hemorrhagic
ateriovenous malformation
Answer: cogenital defect that can result in stroke
stroke basic definition
Answer: sudden loss of neurological function caused by an interruption of blood flow to the brain
ischemic stroke
Answer: most common type of stroke
affects about 80% of ppl with stroke
results from a clot blocking or impairing blood flow....deprives the brain of o2 and nutrients
hemorrhagic stroke
Answer: occurs when blood vessels rupture
causes leakage of blood in or around the brain
how long must neurological defecits persist for an "episode" to be classified as a stroke?
Answer: 24 hours
stroke stats that for some reason may be on the test
Answer: stroke is 4th leading cause of death and leading cause of long term disability in the USA
7,000,000 Americans over 20 yrs age have had a stroke
each year 795,000 ppl have stroke...610,00 of those are first time strokes, the other 185,000 are
recurrent strokes
more stroke stats that may be on the test for some reason
Answer: women have lower age-adjusted stroke incidence than men...
...but that incidence whatever reverses in older age--women over 85 have elevated risk compared to
men
African Americans have twice the risk of first ever stroke compared to white folks...rates are also higher
in Mexican Americans, American Indians, Alaska natives....first Donald Trump, now this!
stroke incidence stats
Answer: incidence of stroke increases dramatically with age, doubles in decade after age 65
28% of strokes occur in ppl younger than 65
5-14% of ppl who survive initial stroke will experience another one within a yr...within 5 yrs, 24% of
women will have recurrence, 42% of men
stroke death stats
Answer: stroke deaths # greater than 143k annually
,strokes account for 1 out of ever 18 deaths in the USA
hemorrhagic stroke has highest death rate-mortality rate is 37-38% at 1 month
ischemic death rate-8-12% at one month
factors affecting stroke survival rates
Answer: age, HTN, heart disease, diabetes
LOC at onset of stroke, lesion size, persistance of severe hemiplegia, hx of previous stroke, multiple # of
neurological defecits
stroke disability stats
Answer: once again leading cause of disability in USA
for ischemic stroke survivors 65 or older-disabillities at 6 months out are below:
hemiparesis-50%
cant walk w/o assist-30%
dependent in ADLs-26%
aphasia-19%
depression-35%
26 % of pts w/ stroke end up in a long term care facility
atherosclerosis and its role in stroke
Answer: major contributing factor
quick and dirty: plaque formation on arterial walls leading to progressive narrowing of blood vessels
blood flow interruption typically occurs are certain sites-bifurcations, constrictions, dilations,
angulations of arteries...
...most common sites: origin of common carotid artery, @ transition of common carotid to middle
cerebral artery, junction of vertebral arteries w/ basilar artery
what causes ischemic stroke
Answer: result of thrombus, embolism, or conditions that produce low systemic perfusion pressures,
results in decreased cerebral blood flow
lack of blood flow deprives the brain of needed o2, glucose, disrupts cellular metabolism, leads to tissue
death
thrombus defined
Answer: results from platelet adhesion and aggregation on plaques
thrombi lead to ischemia aka occlusion of an artery with a resulting cerebral infarction or tissue (ABI)
, thrombi can also become dislodged and travel to a more distal site in the form of an intra-artery
embolus
cerebral thrombosis
Answer: formation or development of a blood clot within the cerebral arteries or their branches
cerebral embolus
Answer: bits of matter eg blood clot or plaque form somewhere and are released into the bloodstream
they travel to the cerebral arteries and lodge producing occlusion and infarction
most common source of cerebral embolus
Answer: disease of the cardiovascular system
low systemic perfusion and ischemic stroke
Answer: low systemic perfusion from cardiac failure or significant blood loss (with resulting
hypotension) can also cause ischemic stroke
systemic failure=global, bilateral neurological dfecits
intracerebral hemorrhage
Answer: caused by rupture of cerebral vessel with subsequent bleeding into the brain
primary cerebral hemorrhage
Answer: aka nontraumatic spontaneous hemorrhage
typically occurs in small blood vessels weakened by atherosclerosis
produces aneurysm
subarachnoid hemorrhage
Answer: occurs from bleeding into subarachnoid space typically from a saccular or berry aneurysm (?)
affecting primarily large blood vessels
aneurysm
Answer: an excessive localized enlargement of an artery caused by a weakening of the artery wall.
what is a major contributing factor to the formation of aneurysm
Answer: congenital defects
produce that weakness in blood vessel wall
chronic HTN is linked to what....ischemic stroke or hemorrhagic stroke
Answer: hemorrhagic
ateriovenous malformation
Answer: cogenital defect that can result in stroke
