BBH 451 Exam #3 with Complete Solutions
"split brain" is known as - ANSWER--dissociation between cognitive reality and what
individual is experiencing
-defined by Bleuler
"stacking" - ANSWER--taking the 2nd or 3rd dose before 1st dose dissipates
-severe hyperthermia, hypertension, arrhythmia, kidney failure
1st generation antipsychotics: chlorpromazine - ANSWER--dopamine D2 receptor
antagonist
-half-life 24-48 hours
-dry mouth (anticholinergic)
-anti-noradrenergic (hypotension/sedation)
-anti-histaminergic (dry mouth/sedation)
1st generation antipsychotics: haloperidol - ANSWER--dopamine D2 receptor
antagonist
-slow acting injection (monthly)
-little activity on cholinergic or histaminergic
-acute and long time side effects (even after stopping)
2nd generation antipsychotics: clozapine, risperidone - ANSWER--striatum
-substantia nigra
-*mesotriatal mathway*
-low D2 activity, higher D4 activity
2nd generation antipsychotics: olanzapine, sertindole, ziprasidone, quetiapine -
ANSWER--ALL have poor side effects
3rd generation antipsychotics: aripiprazole - ANSWER--partial agonist at D2 and 5-
HT1A; high affinity low efficacy
-antagonist at 5-HT2
-reduces DA binding/activity in limbic and nigrostriatal systems
-partial agonism causes HIGHER activity than generated by DA in mesocortical systems
4 Actions of Amphetamine - ANSWER-1. Very minor (agonist at dopamine receptors-
mostly post-synaptic cell)
2. moderate (dopamine reuptake blockate-competitive antagonist)
3. *major (dopamine release)*
4. Extremely minor (blocks MAO's at high concentration)
4 Recommendations for healthy nutrition - ANSWER-1. maintaining a healthy weight
2. no smoking
3. engaging in moderate activity/exercise
4. diet includes vegetables, fruits, nuts, whole grains, and fish
,A drug that mimics a response from the sympathetic nervous system is said to be a
____. - ANSWER--sympathomimetic
A natural ligand (neurotransmitter) causes sodium leak channels to open, allowing more
sodium to pass through than the small amount that occurs without neurotransmitter
binding. A drug causes these sodium channels to close entirely. What could the drug be
classified as? - ANSWER--inverse agonist
A natural ligand (neurotransmitter) causes sodium leak channels to open, allowing more
sodium to pass through than the small amount that occurs without neurotransmitter
binding. A drug causes these sodium channels to open to a level greater than when no
neurotransmitter is present but not as high as when the neurotransmitter is present.
What could the drug be classified as? - ANSWER--partial agonist
absorption of cocaine - ANSWER--oral chewing
-intranasal
-intravenous
-inhalation
Abstinence Syndrome - ANSWER--withdrawal from THC
-restlessness, irritability, anxiety, depressed mood, reduced food intake
According to the neurogenic theory of depression, which structures of the brain are
prominent for neurogenesis? - ANSWER--Frontal cortex and hippocampus
Acetaminophen (Tylenol) - ANSWER--no anti-inflammatory activity (does not block COX
in periphery)
-effective antipyretic (probably blocks COX in brain)
-combats fever
-effective analgesic
-increased risk of toxicity because of drug combinations
acute extrapyrimidal effects - ANSWER--during early treatment stages
-symptoms decrease with drug intake decrease
Addiction to methamphetamine often causes anhedonia, which can be described as: -
ANSWER--Reduced interest in pleasurable activities
adulterants - ANSWER--"wet", "levamisol", formaldehyde
-additives to cocaine
affect - ANSWER--feeling, emotion, disposition
Although both first- and second-generation antipsychotics act to block dopamine D2
receptors, what defining aspect makes second generation antipsychotics different? -
, ANSWER--Second generation antipsychotics have a high potency in acting to block
serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A
Although there are numerous hypothesis, what are the most frequently studied
neurotransmitters thought to play a role in schizophrenia? - ANSWER--Glutamate and
dopamine
Amphetamine is used to treat what? - ANSWER--adderall (racemic mixture d/l)
-dexedrine (d form)
-narcolepsy
-ADHD
-obesity
-abuse of related compounds
Amphetamine primarily increases the intracellular concentration of dopamine by: -
ANSWER--acting on VMAT
analgesia - ANSWER-pain reliever
Approximately how long does it take for psychosis from anticholinergic poisoning to
clear out of your system? - ANSWER-36-48 hours
aspirin - ANSWER--reduces inflammation
-reduces body temperature
-reduces pain
-inhibits clotting
-treats dull, throbbing pain, headache
-equivalent to potency of acetaminophen
Based on the mode of action, what category of drug describes aspirin? - ANSWER--
suicide inhibitor
bufotenin - ANSWER--amine group
-toad-licking
-found in higher concentration in schizophrenics (pineal gland)
-acts through TAAR's (GPCR's activated by amine)
-possible treatment for mood disorders (anxiety/depression)
Caffeine is a stimulant, but works to only a fraction of the degree of amphetamine.
Considering this, what could caffeine be described as? - ANSWER--partial agonist
caffeineism - ANSWER--12 cups/day
-agitation
-insomnia
-tremors
-anxiety
"split brain" is known as - ANSWER--dissociation between cognitive reality and what
individual is experiencing
-defined by Bleuler
"stacking" - ANSWER--taking the 2nd or 3rd dose before 1st dose dissipates
-severe hyperthermia, hypertension, arrhythmia, kidney failure
1st generation antipsychotics: chlorpromazine - ANSWER--dopamine D2 receptor
antagonist
-half-life 24-48 hours
-dry mouth (anticholinergic)
-anti-noradrenergic (hypotension/sedation)
-anti-histaminergic (dry mouth/sedation)
1st generation antipsychotics: haloperidol - ANSWER--dopamine D2 receptor
antagonist
-slow acting injection (monthly)
-little activity on cholinergic or histaminergic
-acute and long time side effects (even after stopping)
2nd generation antipsychotics: clozapine, risperidone - ANSWER--striatum
-substantia nigra
-*mesotriatal mathway*
-low D2 activity, higher D4 activity
2nd generation antipsychotics: olanzapine, sertindole, ziprasidone, quetiapine -
ANSWER--ALL have poor side effects
3rd generation antipsychotics: aripiprazole - ANSWER--partial agonist at D2 and 5-
HT1A; high affinity low efficacy
-antagonist at 5-HT2
-reduces DA binding/activity in limbic and nigrostriatal systems
-partial agonism causes HIGHER activity than generated by DA in mesocortical systems
4 Actions of Amphetamine - ANSWER-1. Very minor (agonist at dopamine receptors-
mostly post-synaptic cell)
2. moderate (dopamine reuptake blockate-competitive antagonist)
3. *major (dopamine release)*
4. Extremely minor (blocks MAO's at high concentration)
4 Recommendations for healthy nutrition - ANSWER-1. maintaining a healthy weight
2. no smoking
3. engaging in moderate activity/exercise
4. diet includes vegetables, fruits, nuts, whole grains, and fish
,A drug that mimics a response from the sympathetic nervous system is said to be a
____. - ANSWER--sympathomimetic
A natural ligand (neurotransmitter) causes sodium leak channels to open, allowing more
sodium to pass through than the small amount that occurs without neurotransmitter
binding. A drug causes these sodium channels to close entirely. What could the drug be
classified as? - ANSWER--inverse agonist
A natural ligand (neurotransmitter) causes sodium leak channels to open, allowing more
sodium to pass through than the small amount that occurs without neurotransmitter
binding. A drug causes these sodium channels to open to a level greater than when no
neurotransmitter is present but not as high as when the neurotransmitter is present.
What could the drug be classified as? - ANSWER--partial agonist
absorption of cocaine - ANSWER--oral chewing
-intranasal
-intravenous
-inhalation
Abstinence Syndrome - ANSWER--withdrawal from THC
-restlessness, irritability, anxiety, depressed mood, reduced food intake
According to the neurogenic theory of depression, which structures of the brain are
prominent for neurogenesis? - ANSWER--Frontal cortex and hippocampus
Acetaminophen (Tylenol) - ANSWER--no anti-inflammatory activity (does not block COX
in periphery)
-effective antipyretic (probably blocks COX in brain)
-combats fever
-effective analgesic
-increased risk of toxicity because of drug combinations
acute extrapyrimidal effects - ANSWER--during early treatment stages
-symptoms decrease with drug intake decrease
Addiction to methamphetamine often causes anhedonia, which can be described as: -
ANSWER--Reduced interest in pleasurable activities
adulterants - ANSWER--"wet", "levamisol", formaldehyde
-additives to cocaine
affect - ANSWER--feeling, emotion, disposition
Although both first- and second-generation antipsychotics act to block dopamine D2
receptors, what defining aspect makes second generation antipsychotics different? -
, ANSWER--Second generation antipsychotics have a high potency in acting to block
serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A
Although there are numerous hypothesis, what are the most frequently studied
neurotransmitters thought to play a role in schizophrenia? - ANSWER--Glutamate and
dopamine
Amphetamine is used to treat what? - ANSWER--adderall (racemic mixture d/l)
-dexedrine (d form)
-narcolepsy
-ADHD
-obesity
-abuse of related compounds
Amphetamine primarily increases the intracellular concentration of dopamine by: -
ANSWER--acting on VMAT
analgesia - ANSWER-pain reliever
Approximately how long does it take for psychosis from anticholinergic poisoning to
clear out of your system? - ANSWER-36-48 hours
aspirin - ANSWER--reduces inflammation
-reduces body temperature
-reduces pain
-inhibits clotting
-treats dull, throbbing pain, headache
-equivalent to potency of acetaminophen
Based on the mode of action, what category of drug describes aspirin? - ANSWER--
suicide inhibitor
bufotenin - ANSWER--amine group
-toad-licking
-found in higher concentration in schizophrenics (pineal gland)
-acts through TAAR's (GPCR's activated by amine)
-possible treatment for mood disorders (anxiety/depression)
Caffeine is a stimulant, but works to only a fraction of the degree of amphetamine.
Considering this, what could caffeine be described as? - ANSWER--partial agonist
caffeineism - ANSWER--12 cups/day
-agitation
-insomnia
-tremors
-anxiety
