Clinical Assessment and Management
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) - ANSWER-Immediate management includes identifying and treating
underlying cause, fluid management, and avoiding nephrotoxic drugs. Monitoring involves electrolytes,
renal function, and urine output
Allen's Test - ANSWER-Assessment of collateral circulation
Anaphylaxis - ANSWER-Acute onset stridor, swelling of face/throat, hives, hypotension, and history of
allergen exposure
Anemia - ANSWER-Iron deficiency is treated with oral iron supplements and dietary modifications.
Anemia of Chronic Disease involves treating the underlying condition and using erythropoiesis-
stimulating agents if indicated
Appendicitis - ANSWER-A differential diagnosis for abdominal pain, necessitating severity assessment,
pain management, and specific labs/imaging like CBC and abdominal ultrasound
Asthma - ANSWER-Characterized by wheezing, episodic shortness of breath, worsened by exercise or
allergens, and improved with bronchodilators
Atrial Fibrillation - ANSWER-A differential diagnosis for palpitations, necessitating initial stabilization,
ECG monitoring, and specific labs/imaging like CBC and Holter monitor
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) - ANSWER-A differential diagnosis for dizziness, managed
with positional maneuvers, hydration, and specific labs/imaging like CBC and MRI of the brain
Bladder Cancer - ANSWER-Presents with painless gross hematuria, sometimes associated with irritative
voiding symptoms
Bursitis - ANSWER-Localized pain and swelling over affected bursa, often in prepatellar or anserine
region
Capillary Refill - ANSWER-Time for blood return to capillaries
Cardiac PMI - ANSWER-Point of maximal impulse location
Cardiovascular Plan for Myocardial Infarction - ANSWER-MONA, beta-blocker, ACE inhibitor
Carotid Bruits - ANSWER-Abnormal sounds in carotid arteries
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - ANSWER-Pain, numbness, tingling in median nerve distribution, worse at
night; positive Tinel's or Phalen's test
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) - ANSWER-Managed by controlling underlying conditions (hypertension,
diabetes), dietary modifications (low protein, low sodium), and using ACE inhibitors or ARBs. Monitoring
includes regular assessment of kidney function, electrolytes, and anemia management
Community-Acquired - ANSWER-Involves empirical antibiotics (e.g., azithromycin or doxycycline) and
supportive care (hydration, rest)
COPD - ANSWER-Features chronic cough with sputum, progressive shortness of breath, and history of
smoking
, Clinical Assessment and Management
Cushing's Syndrome - ANSWER-Features hypertension, central obesity, purple striae, and a moon face
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) - ANSWER-Presents with unilateral leg swelling and pain, erythema, and
warmth
Dependent Rubor - ANSWER-Redness upon limb dependency
Diabetes Mellitus - ANSWER-Type 1 is managed with insulin therapy, blood glucose monitoring, and
dietary management. Type 2 involves metformin, lifestyle modifications, and additional oral
hypoglycemics or insulin as needed
Diabetic Nephropathy - ANSWER-Persistent proteinuria in a patient with a history of diabetes
Egophony - ANSWER-Voice sound change in lung consolidation
Elevation Pallor - ANSWER-Whitening upon limb elevation
Endocarditis - ANSWER-Symptoms include fever, roth spots, osler nodes, murmur, janeway lesions,
anemia, nail bed hemorrhage, and emboli
GERD - ANSWER-Symptoms include chronic cough worsened after meals or lying down, associated with
heartburn
Glomerulonephritis - ANSWER-Features hematuria with RBC casts, proteinuria, hypertension, and
possible edema
Gout - ANSWER-Sudden onset of severe pain, redness, swelling, typically in big toe or other lower
extremity joints
Hemophilia - ANSWER-Treatment involves factor replacement therapy, avoiding activities that increase
bleeding risk, and prophylactic treatment in severe cases
Herniated Disc - ANSWER-Acute or chronic back pain with radiculopathy, often affecting lower back,
may include numbness or weakness in legs
Hospital-Acquired - ANSWER-Initially treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics, then de-escalate based
on culture results
Hyperthyroidism - ANSWER-Symptoms include palpitations, tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, and heart
failure symptoms
Hypothyroidism - ANSWER-Treatment includes levothyroxine replacement, regular monitoring of
thyroid function tests, and dose adjustment based on clinical and laboratory response
Imaging for Acute Kidney Injury - ANSWER-Renal ultrasound, CT scan
Imaging for Anemia - ANSWER-Bone marrow biopsy
Imaging for Asthma - ANSWER-Chest X-ray, spirometry
Imaging for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - ANSWER-Chest X-ray, CT scan, spirometry
Imaging for Congestive Heart Failure - ANSWER-Chest X-ray, echocardiogram, MRI
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) - ANSWER-Immediate management includes identifying and treating
underlying cause, fluid management, and avoiding nephrotoxic drugs. Monitoring involves electrolytes,
renal function, and urine output
Allen's Test - ANSWER-Assessment of collateral circulation
Anaphylaxis - ANSWER-Acute onset stridor, swelling of face/throat, hives, hypotension, and history of
allergen exposure
Anemia - ANSWER-Iron deficiency is treated with oral iron supplements and dietary modifications.
Anemia of Chronic Disease involves treating the underlying condition and using erythropoiesis-
stimulating agents if indicated
Appendicitis - ANSWER-A differential diagnosis for abdominal pain, necessitating severity assessment,
pain management, and specific labs/imaging like CBC and abdominal ultrasound
Asthma - ANSWER-Characterized by wheezing, episodic shortness of breath, worsened by exercise or
allergens, and improved with bronchodilators
Atrial Fibrillation - ANSWER-A differential diagnosis for palpitations, necessitating initial stabilization,
ECG monitoring, and specific labs/imaging like CBC and Holter monitor
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) - ANSWER-A differential diagnosis for dizziness, managed
with positional maneuvers, hydration, and specific labs/imaging like CBC and MRI of the brain
Bladder Cancer - ANSWER-Presents with painless gross hematuria, sometimes associated with irritative
voiding symptoms
Bursitis - ANSWER-Localized pain and swelling over affected bursa, often in prepatellar or anserine
region
Capillary Refill - ANSWER-Time for blood return to capillaries
Cardiac PMI - ANSWER-Point of maximal impulse location
Cardiovascular Plan for Myocardial Infarction - ANSWER-MONA, beta-blocker, ACE inhibitor
Carotid Bruits - ANSWER-Abnormal sounds in carotid arteries
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - ANSWER-Pain, numbness, tingling in median nerve distribution, worse at
night; positive Tinel's or Phalen's test
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) - ANSWER-Managed by controlling underlying conditions (hypertension,
diabetes), dietary modifications (low protein, low sodium), and using ACE inhibitors or ARBs. Monitoring
includes regular assessment of kidney function, electrolytes, and anemia management
Community-Acquired - ANSWER-Involves empirical antibiotics (e.g., azithromycin or doxycycline) and
supportive care (hydration, rest)
COPD - ANSWER-Features chronic cough with sputum, progressive shortness of breath, and history of
smoking
, Clinical Assessment and Management
Cushing's Syndrome - ANSWER-Features hypertension, central obesity, purple striae, and a moon face
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) - ANSWER-Presents with unilateral leg swelling and pain, erythema, and
warmth
Dependent Rubor - ANSWER-Redness upon limb dependency
Diabetes Mellitus - ANSWER-Type 1 is managed with insulin therapy, blood glucose monitoring, and
dietary management. Type 2 involves metformin, lifestyle modifications, and additional oral
hypoglycemics or insulin as needed
Diabetic Nephropathy - ANSWER-Persistent proteinuria in a patient with a history of diabetes
Egophony - ANSWER-Voice sound change in lung consolidation
Elevation Pallor - ANSWER-Whitening upon limb elevation
Endocarditis - ANSWER-Symptoms include fever, roth spots, osler nodes, murmur, janeway lesions,
anemia, nail bed hemorrhage, and emboli
GERD - ANSWER-Symptoms include chronic cough worsened after meals or lying down, associated with
heartburn
Glomerulonephritis - ANSWER-Features hematuria with RBC casts, proteinuria, hypertension, and
possible edema
Gout - ANSWER-Sudden onset of severe pain, redness, swelling, typically in big toe or other lower
extremity joints
Hemophilia - ANSWER-Treatment involves factor replacement therapy, avoiding activities that increase
bleeding risk, and prophylactic treatment in severe cases
Herniated Disc - ANSWER-Acute or chronic back pain with radiculopathy, often affecting lower back,
may include numbness or weakness in legs
Hospital-Acquired - ANSWER-Initially treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics, then de-escalate based
on culture results
Hyperthyroidism - ANSWER-Symptoms include palpitations, tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, and heart
failure symptoms
Hypothyroidism - ANSWER-Treatment includes levothyroxine replacement, regular monitoring of
thyroid function tests, and dose adjustment based on clinical and laboratory response
Imaging for Acute Kidney Injury - ANSWER-Renal ultrasound, CT scan
Imaging for Anemia - ANSWER-Bone marrow biopsy
Imaging for Asthma - ANSWER-Chest X-ray, spirometry
Imaging for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - ANSWER-Chest X-ray, CT scan, spirometry
Imaging for Congestive Heart Failure - ANSWER-Chest X-ray, echocardiogram, MRI
