ETX 010 Exam Questions And Correct Answers
What is the best definition of a counterfactual? - Answer A hypothetical situation that
would have been true in similar but different circumstances
Ice cream sale and homicide increase when days are sunny. What statement(s) do you
think best describes the causal relationships underlying that statement? You can choose
more than one. - Answer When the sun shines and people are hot outside, people want
ice cream to cool off and people get into deadly fights because heat is agitating.
Why are randomized controlled trials so seldomly used in environmental health and
toxicology research? You can choose more than one. - Answer 1. It is unethical to poison
people on purpose.
2. We only have one earth.
3. Some exposures happen to everyone.
How is observing correlations between exposure and health outcomes helpful in
identifying causation between exposure and health? You can choose more than one. -
Answer 1. Observing consistent correlations between exposure and health outcomes
across different countries and species suggests the correlation could be causal.
2. Observing correlations leads to hypotheses that can be tested experimentally.
Which of Hill's causal considerations are most poorly addressed in human studies of
toxic exposures? - Answer Specificity
Which of the following are examples of study designs that apply Hill's causal concept of
Experiment and Reversibility? You can choose more than one. - Answer 1. Counting the
number of smokers and non-smokers who get lung cancer.
2. Giving an antioxidant or placebo to people who have smoked many cigarettes for years
and measuring DNA mutations in their urine.
3. Measuring DNA mutations in urine from non-smokers and smokers.
,4. Measuring DNA mutations in cord blood from pregnant non-smokers and smokers.
Synthetic chemical production has risen dramatically due to the production of what? -
Answer Plastics
What is meant by the exposome concept? - Answer The totality of all exposures in a
lifetime.
What is the difference between acute and chronic illness? - Answer Chronic is the long
term effect and acute is the immediate effect
What is NOT a hazard of ethanol?
1) Car accidents
2) Its inherent toxic properties
3) Its flammability
4) Its ability to scar the liver
5) Its smell - Answer Car accidents and Its smell
Select all the concerning aspects of aflatoxin
1) Aflatoxin can occur in the feed of agricultural animals.
2) Aflatoxin can occur in dog food
3) Aflatoxin can occur in human food
4) Aflatoxin can cause liver cancer
5) Aflatoxin can stunt the growth of children - Answer All of them
What can farmers do to control aflatoxin levels in the food they grow? - Answer 1. Store
the food at cooler temperatures
2. Dilute food contaminated with aflatoxin
3. Reduce fungal stress
,What is the difference between a toxin and a toxicant? - Answer A toxin is a natural
bioactive substance and a toxicant is a synthetic bioactive substance.
Which of the following drugs is not made by plants? You can pick more than one.
a) Cocaine
b) Caffeine
c) Codeine
d) Penicillin
e) Morphine - Answer d) Penicillin
How does caffeine work? You can pick more than one.
a) Caffeine activates adenosine to make you alert.
b) Caffeine blocks adenosine to make you alert.
c) Adenosine blocks caffeine to make you alert.
d) Adenosine activates caffeine to make you alert.
e) Caffeine binds adenosine to make you alert. - Answer b) Caffeine blocks adenosine to
make you alert.
Which of the following are true statements about ethanol? You can pick more than one.
a) Ethanol is only a sedative at higher doses.
b) Ethanol is only a stimulate at lower doses.
c) Ethanol causes different responses in humans because ethanol binds different
receptors.
d) Ethanol causes different responses in humans depending on the dose of ethanol
consumed.
e) The only way ethanol can kill you is to make you stop breathing. - Answer c) Ethanol
causes different responses in humans because ethanol binds different receptors.
, d) Ethanol causes different responses in humans depending on the dose of ethanol
consumed.
- Ethanol can be made by plants
Which states had a significant increase in both the rate of synthetic opioid overdose
deaths and also the rate of heroin overdose deaths between 2017 and 2018 and also
between 2018 and 2019? You can pick more than one. - Answer California
Why is there a rise in rate of overdose deaths from synthetic opioids such as fentanyl?
You can pick more than one.
a) Doctors have been writing more fentanyl prescriptions.
b) Fentanyl use is difficult to control because it is not prescribed by doctors.
c) Fentanyl use is difficult to control because it is sold illegally.
d) Fentanyl is 50 to 100 times more potent than morphine.
e) Fentanyl is mixed with other street drugs so people don't know they are taking it. -
Answer All of them except A
How do opioids work? You can pick more than one. - Answer Opioids activate the opioid
receptor.
How does naloxone prevent opioid overdose? You can pick more than one.
a) Naloxone blocks the dopamine receptor.
b) Naloxone blocks dopamine.
c) Naloxone blocks endorphins.
d) Naloxone blocks the opioid receptor.
e) Naloxone activates the opioid receptor. - Answer d) Naloxone blocks the opioid
receptor.
Which of the following is true? You can choose more than one.
a) Omicron is more potent than delta among covid-19 variants.
What is the best definition of a counterfactual? - Answer A hypothetical situation that
would have been true in similar but different circumstances
Ice cream sale and homicide increase when days are sunny. What statement(s) do you
think best describes the causal relationships underlying that statement? You can choose
more than one. - Answer When the sun shines and people are hot outside, people want
ice cream to cool off and people get into deadly fights because heat is agitating.
Why are randomized controlled trials so seldomly used in environmental health and
toxicology research? You can choose more than one. - Answer 1. It is unethical to poison
people on purpose.
2. We only have one earth.
3. Some exposures happen to everyone.
How is observing correlations between exposure and health outcomes helpful in
identifying causation between exposure and health? You can choose more than one. -
Answer 1. Observing consistent correlations between exposure and health outcomes
across different countries and species suggests the correlation could be causal.
2. Observing correlations leads to hypotheses that can be tested experimentally.
Which of Hill's causal considerations are most poorly addressed in human studies of
toxic exposures? - Answer Specificity
Which of the following are examples of study designs that apply Hill's causal concept of
Experiment and Reversibility? You can choose more than one. - Answer 1. Counting the
number of smokers and non-smokers who get lung cancer.
2. Giving an antioxidant or placebo to people who have smoked many cigarettes for years
and measuring DNA mutations in their urine.
3. Measuring DNA mutations in urine from non-smokers and smokers.
,4. Measuring DNA mutations in cord blood from pregnant non-smokers and smokers.
Synthetic chemical production has risen dramatically due to the production of what? -
Answer Plastics
What is meant by the exposome concept? - Answer The totality of all exposures in a
lifetime.
What is the difference between acute and chronic illness? - Answer Chronic is the long
term effect and acute is the immediate effect
What is NOT a hazard of ethanol?
1) Car accidents
2) Its inherent toxic properties
3) Its flammability
4) Its ability to scar the liver
5) Its smell - Answer Car accidents and Its smell
Select all the concerning aspects of aflatoxin
1) Aflatoxin can occur in the feed of agricultural animals.
2) Aflatoxin can occur in dog food
3) Aflatoxin can occur in human food
4) Aflatoxin can cause liver cancer
5) Aflatoxin can stunt the growth of children - Answer All of them
What can farmers do to control aflatoxin levels in the food they grow? - Answer 1. Store
the food at cooler temperatures
2. Dilute food contaminated with aflatoxin
3. Reduce fungal stress
,What is the difference between a toxin and a toxicant? - Answer A toxin is a natural
bioactive substance and a toxicant is a synthetic bioactive substance.
Which of the following drugs is not made by plants? You can pick more than one.
a) Cocaine
b) Caffeine
c) Codeine
d) Penicillin
e) Morphine - Answer d) Penicillin
How does caffeine work? You can pick more than one.
a) Caffeine activates adenosine to make you alert.
b) Caffeine blocks adenosine to make you alert.
c) Adenosine blocks caffeine to make you alert.
d) Adenosine activates caffeine to make you alert.
e) Caffeine binds adenosine to make you alert. - Answer b) Caffeine blocks adenosine to
make you alert.
Which of the following are true statements about ethanol? You can pick more than one.
a) Ethanol is only a sedative at higher doses.
b) Ethanol is only a stimulate at lower doses.
c) Ethanol causes different responses in humans because ethanol binds different
receptors.
d) Ethanol causes different responses in humans depending on the dose of ethanol
consumed.
e) The only way ethanol can kill you is to make you stop breathing. - Answer c) Ethanol
causes different responses in humans because ethanol binds different receptors.
, d) Ethanol causes different responses in humans depending on the dose of ethanol
consumed.
- Ethanol can be made by plants
Which states had a significant increase in both the rate of synthetic opioid overdose
deaths and also the rate of heroin overdose deaths between 2017 and 2018 and also
between 2018 and 2019? You can pick more than one. - Answer California
Why is there a rise in rate of overdose deaths from synthetic opioids such as fentanyl?
You can pick more than one.
a) Doctors have been writing more fentanyl prescriptions.
b) Fentanyl use is difficult to control because it is not prescribed by doctors.
c) Fentanyl use is difficult to control because it is sold illegally.
d) Fentanyl is 50 to 100 times more potent than morphine.
e) Fentanyl is mixed with other street drugs so people don't know they are taking it. -
Answer All of them except A
How do opioids work? You can pick more than one. - Answer Opioids activate the opioid
receptor.
How does naloxone prevent opioid overdose? You can pick more than one.
a) Naloxone blocks the dopamine receptor.
b) Naloxone blocks dopamine.
c) Naloxone blocks endorphins.
d) Naloxone blocks the opioid receptor.
e) Naloxone activates the opioid receptor. - Answer d) Naloxone blocks the opioid
receptor.
Which of the following is true? You can choose more than one.
a) Omicron is more potent than delta among covid-19 variants.
