Health Science 1 Exam Study Guide

Synapse - answer-space between neurons; it permits the neutrons pass messages to and from the brain to other parts of the body Function of the Cerebrum - answer-responsible for reasoning, thought, memory, speech, sensation, sight, hearing, and voluntary movement Cerebellum - answer-The section below the back of the cerebrum. It is responsible for muscle coordination; balance and posture; and muscle tone. Midbrain - answer-The section located below the cerebrum at the top of the brain stem. It is responsible for conducting impulses between brain parts and for certain eye and auditory reflexes. Pons - answer-The section located below the midbrain and in the brain stem. It is responsible for conducting messages to other parts of the brain; for certain reflex actions including chewing, tasting, and saliva production; and for assisting with respiration. Medulla Oblongata - answer-It is the lowest part of the brain stem. It connects with the spinal cord and it is responsible for regulating heartbeat, respiration, swallowing, coughing, and blood pressure. Ventricles - answer-The ventricles are hollow spaces that connect with each other and with the space under the arachnoid membrane (the subarachnoid space); below the atria. Meninges - answer-The meninges are three membranes that cover and protect the brain and the spinal cord. Describe and name the three layers of the meninges. - answer-The dura mater is the thick, tough, outer layer. The middle layer is delicate and weblike and called the arachnoid membrane. The innermost layer, the pia mater, is closely attached to the brain and spinal cord and contains blood vessels that nourish the nerve tissue. Discuss the cranial nerves and spinal nerves of the somatic nervous system. - answer-Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain while spinal nerves emerge directly from segments of the spinal cord. What is the function of the sympathetic and parasympathetic system? - answer-The sympathetic and parasympathetic system work together to maintain a balanced state called homeostasis. Describe paraplegia. - answer-Paralysis in the lower extremities or lower part of the body, caused by an injury to the spinal cord. Quadriplegia - answer-involves paralysis of both arms and both legs. Hemiplegia - answer-is the paralysis of the muscles of the lower face, arm, and leg on one side of the body. Describe what the parasympathetic system does to VS and the digestive system. - answer-The parasympathetic tries to bring the VS (vital signs) back to normal (homeostasis) and promotes digestion of food in the digestive system (it stimulates digestive activity). Causes of a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) also known as stroke - answer-• When blood flow to the brain is impaired. • Cerebral haemorrhage resulting from hypertension. • By an occlusion, or blockage caused by atherosclerosis or a thrombus (blood clot). Emergency treatment for CVA. - answer-Thrombolytic or "clot-busting" drugs such as TPA (tissue plasminogen activator) or angioplasty of the cerebral arteries can dissolve a blood clot and restore blood flow to the brain. Immediate care is necessary in the first 3 hours in order to reduce the chances of damage to the brain. Epilepsy - answer-Epilepsy is also known as the seizure syndrome, is the brain disorder associated with abnormal electrical impulses in the neurons of the brain. Shingles - answer-Also known as herpes zoster; is an acute inflammation of nerve cells and is caused by the herpes virus, which also causes chickenpox. Multiple Sclerosis - answer-Multiple sclerosis or MS is a chronic, progressive, disabling condition resulting from degeneration of the myelin sheath in the central nervous system (CNS). Describe petite mal or absence seizures. - answer-Absence, or petit mal, seizures are milder and characterized by a loss of consciousness lasting several seconds. They are common in children and frequently disappear by late adolescence. Generalised tonic-clonic or grand mal seizures. - answer-The grand mal seizures are the most severe seizures. They are characterised by a loss of consciousness lasting several minutes; convulsions accompanied by violent shaking and thrashing movements; hypersalivation causing foaming at the mouth; and loss of body functions. Treatment for meningitis - answer-The treatment methods for meningitis include antibiotics, anticonvulsants, and/or medications for pain and cerebral edema. Describe symptoms of Parkinson's disease. - answer-• Tremors • Stiffness • A forward leaning position • Muscular rigidity • Shuffling gait • Difficulty in stopping while walking • Loss of facial expression • Drooling • Mood swings and frequent depression • Behavioural changes What is neuralgia? Possible causes? - answer-Neuralgia is nerve pain. It is caused by inflammation, pressure, toxins, and other disease. Name and describe the three layers of the heart. - answer-There are three layers of tissue that form the heart. The endocardium is a smooth layer of cells that lines the inside of the heart and is continuous with the inside of the blood vessels. It allows for the smooth flow of blood. The thickest layer is the myocardium, the muscular middle layer. The pericardium is a double-layered membrane, or sac, that covers the outside of the heart. Name the chambers of the heart and describe the type of blood that is in each (oxygenated or un-oxygenated) and where did the blood come from before it arrived in that chamber - answer-The 4 chambers of the heart are: the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The right atrium receives un-oxygenated blood as it returns from the body cells. The right ventricle receives the un-oxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps the blood into the pulmonary artery, which carries the blood to the lungs for oxygen. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs. The left ventricle receives blood from the left atrium and pumps the blood into the aorta for transport to the body cells. Name the four valves of the heart and describe their location. - answer-• The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle. • The pulmonary valve is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, a blood vessel that carries blood to the lungs. • The mitral valve is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle. • The aortic valve is located between the left ventricle and the aorta, the largest artery in the body. Define and describe what is happening to the heart during diastole and systole. - answer-During diastole, the heart is at rest and there are no contractions happening while systole is the period that follows after diastole with ventricular contractions that promote/induce blood flow. Name, describe and tell the function of the three types of blood vessels. - answer-• Arteries carry blood away from the heart. The smallest branches of arteries are called arterioles. Arteries are more muscular and elastic than are the other blood vessels because they receive the blood as it is pumped from the heart. • Capillaries connect arterioles with venules, the smallest veins. Capillaries have thin walls containing only one layer of cells. These thin walls allow oxygen and nutrients to pass through to the cells and allow carbon dioxide and metabolic products from the cells to enter the capillaries. • Veins are blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. Most veins have thinner and less muscle tissue than do arteries. Most veins contain valves, which keep the blood from flowing in a backward direction. Largest artery and veins of the body. - answer-The largest artery of the body is the aorta. The largest veins of the body are the superior and inferior vena cava. How much blood does the average adult have in their body? - answer-There are approximately 4 to 6 quarts of blood in the average adult How long can a body last without oxygen? - answer-A body without oxygen can last about 5-6 minutes before the brain cells start to die. What is an erythrocyte? What is the normal erythrocyte count in 1 cubic millilitre of blood? - answer-The erythrocytes, or red blood cells, are produced in the red bone marrow at a rate of approximately 1 million per minute. They live approximately 120 days before they get broken down by the liver and the spleen. There are 4.5 to 5.5 million erythrocytes per cubic millimetre (approximately one drop) of blood. When the blood is bright red, what does that indicate? What does a darker red with a bluish cast colour indicate? - answer-When the blood is bright red, it means that it contains lots of oxygen and when the blood contains less oxygen and more carbon dioxide it is a darker red with a bluish cast. What is a leukocyte? Name the 5 types. - answer-The leukocytes, or white blood cells, are not as numerous as are erythrocytes. They are formed in the bone marrow and lymph tissue and usually live about 3 to 9 days. A normal count is 5,000 to 10,000 leukocytes per cubic millimetre of blood. The five types of leukocytes include: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. What is the function of leukocytes? Thrombocytes? - answer-The main function of the leukocytes is to fight infection. Some do this by engulfing, digesting, and destroying pathogens, or germs, by a process called phagocytosis. Thrombocytes are important for the clotting process, which stops bleeding. When a blood vessel is cut, the thrombocytes co