KESSENTIALS OF PATHO-PHYSIOLOGY
4TH EDITION QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED ANSWERS
Pathology - Deals with the study of the structural and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs of
the body that cause or are caused by disease.
Physiology - Deals with the functions of the human body.
Pathophysiology - Purpose - deals not only with the cellular and organ changes that occur with disease,
but also with the effects that these changes have on total body function.
Pathophysiology - Focus - focuses on the mechanisms of the underlying disease process and provides the
background for preventive as well as therapeutic health care measures and practices.
Disease - Defined as an interruption, cessation, or disorder of a body system or organ structure that is
characterized usually by a recognized etiologic (cause of/set of) agent or agents, an identifiable group of
signs and symptoms, or consistent anatomic alterations.
The aspects of the disease Process - Includes etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic changes, and clinical
manifestations.
Etiology - The causes of the disease are known as etiologic factors. Etiology describes what sets the
disease process in motion, while pathogenesis describes how the disease process evolves.
Etiologic Agents - Biologic agents (bacteria and viruses), physical forces (trauma, burns, radiation),
chemical agents (poisons, alcohol), and nutritional excesses or deficits. At the molecular level, it is
important to distinguish between abnormal molecules and molecules that cause disease. Most disease
causing agents are nonspecific, and many different agents can cause disease of a single organ.
Risk Factors - The multiple factors that predispose to a particular disease.
Predispose - Makes something or someone liable or inclined to a specified attitude, action, or condition.
How to view the Risk Factors - Group them into categories according to whether they were present at
birth or acquired later in life.
Congenital Conditions - Are defects that are present at birth, although they may not be evident until
later in life. Congenital conditions may be caused by generic influences, environmental factors (viral
infections in the mother, maternal drug use, irradiation, or intrauterine crowding), or a combination of
genetic and environmental factors.
Acquired Defects - Those that are caused by events that occur after birth. These include injury, exposure
to infectious agents, inadequate nutrition, lack of oxygen, inappropriate immune responses, and
neoplasia.
, Pathogenesis - The sequence of cellular and tissue events that take place from the time of initial contact
with an etiologic agent until the ultimate expression of a disease. Describes how the disease evolves.
Morphology - Refers to the fundamental structure or form of cell or tissues.
Morphologic Changes - Are concerned with both the gross anatomic and microscopic changes that are
characteristic of a disease.
Histology - Deals with the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues.
Histologic Sections - The most common method used in the study of tissues that are thin, translucent
sections of human tissues and organs that can be examined with the aid of a microscope. Histologic
Sections play an important role in the diagnosis of many types of cancer.
Legion - Represents a pathologic or traumatic discontinuity of a body organ or tissue.
Disease Manifestations - Diseases can manifest in a number of ways. Sometimes the condition produces
manifestations, such as fever, that make it evident that the person is sick. In other cases, the condition is
silent at the onset and is detected during examination for other purposes or after the disease is far
advanced.
Signs and Symptoms compil - Terms used to describe the structural and functional changes that
accompany a disease. A symptom is a subjective complaint that is noted by the person with a disorder,
whereas a sign is a manifestation that is noted by an observer. Pain, difficulty in breathing, and dizziness
are symptoms of a disease. An elevated temperature, a swollen extremity, and changes in pupil size are
objective signs that can be observed by someone other than the person with the disease. Signs and
symptoms maybe related to the primary disorder or they may represent the body's attempt to
compensate for the altered function caused by the pathologic condition.
Syndrome - A compilation of signs and symptoms (chronic fatigue syndrome) that are characteristic of a
specific disease state.
Compilations - Are possible adverse extensions of a disease or outcomes from treatment.
Sequelae - Are lesions or impairments that follow or are caused by a disease.
Diagnosis - The designation as to the nature or cause of a health problem (bacterial pneumonia or
hemorrhagic stroke).
History - Used to obtain a person's account of his or her symptoms and their progression, and the factors
that contribute to a diagnosis. The physical examination is done to observe for signs of altered body
structure or function.
Clinical Probability of A Disease - In a person of a given age, gender, race, lifestyle, and locality often is
influential in arriving at a presumptive diagnosis. An important factor when interpreting diagnostic test
results is the determination of whether they are normal or abnormal.
Normal Values for Blood Test - Normal values refer to the 95% distribution (mean plus or minus two
standard deviations {mean +/- 2 SD} of test results for the reference population. Thus, the normal levels
for serum sodium (136 to 145 mEq/L) represent the mean serum level for the reference population +/- 2
SD. The normal value for some laboratory tests are adjusted for sex or age. For example, the normal
4TH EDITION QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED ANSWERS
Pathology - Deals with the study of the structural and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs of
the body that cause or are caused by disease.
Physiology - Deals with the functions of the human body.
Pathophysiology - Purpose - deals not only with the cellular and organ changes that occur with disease,
but also with the effects that these changes have on total body function.
Pathophysiology - Focus - focuses on the mechanisms of the underlying disease process and provides the
background for preventive as well as therapeutic health care measures and practices.
Disease - Defined as an interruption, cessation, or disorder of a body system or organ structure that is
characterized usually by a recognized etiologic (cause of/set of) agent or agents, an identifiable group of
signs and symptoms, or consistent anatomic alterations.
The aspects of the disease Process - Includes etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic changes, and clinical
manifestations.
Etiology - The causes of the disease are known as etiologic factors. Etiology describes what sets the
disease process in motion, while pathogenesis describes how the disease process evolves.
Etiologic Agents - Biologic agents (bacteria and viruses), physical forces (trauma, burns, radiation),
chemical agents (poisons, alcohol), and nutritional excesses or deficits. At the molecular level, it is
important to distinguish between abnormal molecules and molecules that cause disease. Most disease
causing agents are nonspecific, and many different agents can cause disease of a single organ.
Risk Factors - The multiple factors that predispose to a particular disease.
Predispose - Makes something or someone liable or inclined to a specified attitude, action, or condition.
How to view the Risk Factors - Group them into categories according to whether they were present at
birth or acquired later in life.
Congenital Conditions - Are defects that are present at birth, although they may not be evident until
later in life. Congenital conditions may be caused by generic influences, environmental factors (viral
infections in the mother, maternal drug use, irradiation, or intrauterine crowding), or a combination of
genetic and environmental factors.
Acquired Defects - Those that are caused by events that occur after birth. These include injury, exposure
to infectious agents, inadequate nutrition, lack of oxygen, inappropriate immune responses, and
neoplasia.
, Pathogenesis - The sequence of cellular and tissue events that take place from the time of initial contact
with an etiologic agent until the ultimate expression of a disease. Describes how the disease evolves.
Morphology - Refers to the fundamental structure or form of cell or tissues.
Morphologic Changes - Are concerned with both the gross anatomic and microscopic changes that are
characteristic of a disease.
Histology - Deals with the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues.
Histologic Sections - The most common method used in the study of tissues that are thin, translucent
sections of human tissues and organs that can be examined with the aid of a microscope. Histologic
Sections play an important role in the diagnosis of many types of cancer.
Legion - Represents a pathologic or traumatic discontinuity of a body organ or tissue.
Disease Manifestations - Diseases can manifest in a number of ways. Sometimes the condition produces
manifestations, such as fever, that make it evident that the person is sick. In other cases, the condition is
silent at the onset and is detected during examination for other purposes or after the disease is far
advanced.
Signs and Symptoms compil - Terms used to describe the structural and functional changes that
accompany a disease. A symptom is a subjective complaint that is noted by the person with a disorder,
whereas a sign is a manifestation that is noted by an observer. Pain, difficulty in breathing, and dizziness
are symptoms of a disease. An elevated temperature, a swollen extremity, and changes in pupil size are
objective signs that can be observed by someone other than the person with the disease. Signs and
symptoms maybe related to the primary disorder or they may represent the body's attempt to
compensate for the altered function caused by the pathologic condition.
Syndrome - A compilation of signs and symptoms (chronic fatigue syndrome) that are characteristic of a
specific disease state.
Compilations - Are possible adverse extensions of a disease or outcomes from treatment.
Sequelae - Are lesions or impairments that follow or are caused by a disease.
Diagnosis - The designation as to the nature or cause of a health problem (bacterial pneumonia or
hemorrhagic stroke).
History - Used to obtain a person's account of his or her symptoms and their progression, and the factors
that contribute to a diagnosis. The physical examination is done to observe for signs of altered body
structure or function.
Clinical Probability of A Disease - In a person of a given age, gender, race, lifestyle, and locality often is
influential in arriving at a presumptive diagnosis. An important factor when interpreting diagnostic test
results is the determination of whether they are normal or abnormal.
Normal Values for Blood Test - Normal values refer to the 95% distribution (mean plus or minus two
standard deviations {mean +/- 2 SD} of test results for the reference population. Thus, the normal levels
for serum sodium (136 to 145 mEq/L) represent the mean serum level for the reference population +/- 2
SD. The normal value for some laboratory tests are adjusted for sex or age. For example, the normal
