Test Bank - Applied Pathophysiology-A Conceptual Approach,
4th Edition (Nath, 9781975179199), Chapter 1-20 | Rationals
Included
What is the difference between pathophysiology and pathology? - ANSWER: Pathophysiology: the
study of the functional bodily changes that occur as a result of an injury, disorder, or disease (the
mechanisms of disease)
Pathology: the study of changes in cells and tissues as a result of injury or disease (studying a disease)
What is a syndrome? - ANSWER: a specific condition with a recognizable, predictable pattern
Define pathogenesis. - ANSWER: the disease beginning; when the disease process begins until
symptom onset (chemically, genetically, any mechanisms up until when the disease is recognized)
Think: Pathogenesis and disease Process begin with a "P"
What does nosocomial mean? iatrogenic? - ANSWER: hospital acquired infection (contracting COVID
in the hospital); infection as a result of treatment (e.g. urinary catheter infection)
what is the time when a disease is active and flaring? - ANSWER: exacerbation
what is a prodrome? - ANSWER: the period in the lifespan of an infectious disease where it's unclear
what the disease is, given the symptoms (patient presents symptoms of achiness and lethargy;
nonspecific)
What is etiology? What is it termed when the cause of disease is unknown? - ANSWER: the precise
cause of disease; idiopathic
What is the difference between risk factors and precipitating factors? - ANSWER: Risk factors:
vulnerabilities (elevated BP increasing risk for heart attack)
Precipitating factors: triggers that promote the onset of clinical manifestations (dust triggering
asthma)
What is the difference between objective and subjective clinical manifestations? - ANSWER: objective:
seen and measured by practitioner (signs)
subjective: not directly observable by practitioner (symptoms)
What is the difference between acute and chronic? - ANSWER: acute: begin abruptly and last a few
days to few months
chronic: gradual (insidious) onset and lasting longer than 6 months
what is the difference between diagnosis and prognosis? - ANSWER: diagnosis is a label (colon cancer)
while prognosis is a prediction of how the individual will proceed through the disease (predicting
patient will live 15 more years)
What is the difference between morbidity and mortality? - ANSWER: morbidity: negative outcome
with disease complications that impact the quality of life
,mortality: death
What are the advantages of studying epidemiology? - ANSWER: where, who, why, how
1. recognizing where disease is most widespread
2. recognizing who's most affected by the disease
3. discovering why disease is presenting in a certain population
4. discovering how to reduce spread or eradicate disease
What is the difference between incidence and prevalence? - ANSWER: Incidence: the rate of
occurrence of a disease at any given time (what is the probability of someone DEVELOPING a
disease?)
Prevalence: the number of people that is affected by a disease at a specific time (what are the current
DEMOGRAPHICS of a disease?)
think: INcidence = 1 IN 1000
What is the difference between endemic, epidemic, and pandemic? - ANSWER: endemic: the
incidence and prevalence of a disease are predictable and stable
epidemic: a dramatic increase in disease incidence
pandemic: when an epidemic spreads across continents
What are potential causes of atrophy? Hypertrophy? Hyperplasia? - ANSWER: Atrophy: decrease in
functional demand of a cell, lack of muscle movement, ischemia (decreased oxygen supply to cell),
removal of hormonal or neural signals contributing to cell growth or muscle use
hypertrophy and hyperplasia: increase in growth/trophic signals, increased demand/exercise, increase
in demand of lymph tissue filtering (adenoid hypertrophy)
what is atrophy? hypertrophy? hyperplasia? - ANSWER: atrophy: decrease in cell size
hypertrophy: increase in cell size
hyperplasia: increase in cell number
What is the difference between metaplasia and dysplasia? - ANSWER: metaplasia: is the changing of
one cell type to another cell type
dysplasia: the actual change in cell size, shape, uniformity, structure, arrangement
Think: metaplasia is the change to different cell types, dysplasia refers to general change of a single
cell
What is apoptosis and how is it regulated? - ANSWER: apoptosis: REGULATED cell death; regulated by
enzymatic reactions in the cell
What is necrosis and what happens to cellular structures? - ANSWER: necrosis: cell death related to
cell injury (associated with inflammation); the structures swell and rupture of cell membrane
What are causes of cell injury and death? - ANSWER: TIPS
Toxins (chemical)
Infections
Physical injury (mechanical, chemical, thermal)
Serum deficit injury (nutrition, hydration, oxygenation)
, What is cerebral atrophy and what are its etiologies? - ANSWER: reduction in cerebrum size; caused
by decreased physical and intellectual activities, deficit injury, mechanical injury
What is the pathophysiologic pathway that occurs in cerebral atrophy? - ANSWER: lack of brain
perfusion increases risk for deficit injuries --> neurotoxic injury --> destruction of neurons --> loss of
NT production --> atrophy in neurons because lack of stimulation
essentially, your brain isn't being stimulated to grow
What are the clinical manifestations of cerebral atrophy? - ANSWER: focal (localized to particular
region) or global (entire brain); characterized by cognitive impairment (damage to temporal and
frontal lobes), movement disorders (basal ganglia damage), etc.
How do you diagnose cerebral atrophy? - ANSWER: identifying signs and symptoms, often from other
observers first; PET, SPECT, CT, MRI scans
What is cardiac hypertrophy and what are its etiologies? - ANSWER: cardiac muscle disease resulting
from excessive workload and functional demand; no specifically known cause besides a genetic trait
What is the pathophysiologic pathway that occurs in cardiac hypertrophy? - ANSWER: increased
pressure in pulmonary or systemic circulation --> hypertrophy of ventricles --> lower contraction
efficiency and smaller chamber --> lower cardiac output
What are the clinical manifestations of cardiac hypertrophy? - ANSWER: shortness of breath, syncope
(fainting), angina
How do you diagnose cardiac hypertrophy? - ANSWER: genetic testing, EKG, echocardiogram, stress
test
What is acromegaly and what are its etiologies? - ANSWER: condition of hyperplasia (increase in cell
number) prompted by excessive growth hormone stimulation/hyperpituitarism and IGF
What is the pathophysiologic pathway that occurs in acromegaly? - ANSWER: (with failure of negative
feedback loop), somatostatin doesn't do its job (inhibitory effect on pituitary) --> hypothalamus
secretes only GHRH --> proliferation --> IGF stimulation --> excessive growth
*Hypothalamus usually releases GHRH (promoting growth hormone) and somatostatin (inhibiting
growth hormone)
What are the clinical manifestations of acromegaly? - ANSWER: soft tissue swelling, enlarged hands
and feet, altered facial features and reproductive functioning, deep voice, pain and numbness in
hands
How do you diagnose acromegaly? - ANSWER: elevated levels of IGF and growth hormone in blood
what cell type comprises the endocervix? ectocervix? what is the location where these two cell types
merge? - ANSWER: columnar epithelium; squamous epithelium; transformation zone
What is cervical metaplasia/dysplasia and what are its etiologies? - ANSWER: changing of cell
structure in the transformation zone of cervix; epithelial cells can be injured by infection, irritation,
trauma and are characterized by abnormal growth/disordered differentiation
What is the pathophysiologic pathway that occurs in cervical metaplasia/dysplasia? - ANSWER:
infection, irritation, trauma --> alterations in chromatin (genetic material of DNA) --> abnormal
differentiation
4th Edition (Nath, 9781975179199), Chapter 1-20 | Rationals
Included
What is the difference between pathophysiology and pathology? - ANSWER: Pathophysiology: the
study of the functional bodily changes that occur as a result of an injury, disorder, or disease (the
mechanisms of disease)
Pathology: the study of changes in cells and tissues as a result of injury or disease (studying a disease)
What is a syndrome? - ANSWER: a specific condition with a recognizable, predictable pattern
Define pathogenesis. - ANSWER: the disease beginning; when the disease process begins until
symptom onset (chemically, genetically, any mechanisms up until when the disease is recognized)
Think: Pathogenesis and disease Process begin with a "P"
What does nosocomial mean? iatrogenic? - ANSWER: hospital acquired infection (contracting COVID
in the hospital); infection as a result of treatment (e.g. urinary catheter infection)
what is the time when a disease is active and flaring? - ANSWER: exacerbation
what is a prodrome? - ANSWER: the period in the lifespan of an infectious disease where it's unclear
what the disease is, given the symptoms (patient presents symptoms of achiness and lethargy;
nonspecific)
What is etiology? What is it termed when the cause of disease is unknown? - ANSWER: the precise
cause of disease; idiopathic
What is the difference between risk factors and precipitating factors? - ANSWER: Risk factors:
vulnerabilities (elevated BP increasing risk for heart attack)
Precipitating factors: triggers that promote the onset of clinical manifestations (dust triggering
asthma)
What is the difference between objective and subjective clinical manifestations? - ANSWER: objective:
seen and measured by practitioner (signs)
subjective: not directly observable by practitioner (symptoms)
What is the difference between acute and chronic? - ANSWER: acute: begin abruptly and last a few
days to few months
chronic: gradual (insidious) onset and lasting longer than 6 months
what is the difference between diagnosis and prognosis? - ANSWER: diagnosis is a label (colon cancer)
while prognosis is a prediction of how the individual will proceed through the disease (predicting
patient will live 15 more years)
What is the difference between morbidity and mortality? - ANSWER: morbidity: negative outcome
with disease complications that impact the quality of life
,mortality: death
What are the advantages of studying epidemiology? - ANSWER: where, who, why, how
1. recognizing where disease is most widespread
2. recognizing who's most affected by the disease
3. discovering why disease is presenting in a certain population
4. discovering how to reduce spread or eradicate disease
What is the difference between incidence and prevalence? - ANSWER: Incidence: the rate of
occurrence of a disease at any given time (what is the probability of someone DEVELOPING a
disease?)
Prevalence: the number of people that is affected by a disease at a specific time (what are the current
DEMOGRAPHICS of a disease?)
think: INcidence = 1 IN 1000
What is the difference between endemic, epidemic, and pandemic? - ANSWER: endemic: the
incidence and prevalence of a disease are predictable and stable
epidemic: a dramatic increase in disease incidence
pandemic: when an epidemic spreads across continents
What are potential causes of atrophy? Hypertrophy? Hyperplasia? - ANSWER: Atrophy: decrease in
functional demand of a cell, lack of muscle movement, ischemia (decreased oxygen supply to cell),
removal of hormonal or neural signals contributing to cell growth or muscle use
hypertrophy and hyperplasia: increase in growth/trophic signals, increased demand/exercise, increase
in demand of lymph tissue filtering (adenoid hypertrophy)
what is atrophy? hypertrophy? hyperplasia? - ANSWER: atrophy: decrease in cell size
hypertrophy: increase in cell size
hyperplasia: increase in cell number
What is the difference between metaplasia and dysplasia? - ANSWER: metaplasia: is the changing of
one cell type to another cell type
dysplasia: the actual change in cell size, shape, uniformity, structure, arrangement
Think: metaplasia is the change to different cell types, dysplasia refers to general change of a single
cell
What is apoptosis and how is it regulated? - ANSWER: apoptosis: REGULATED cell death; regulated by
enzymatic reactions in the cell
What is necrosis and what happens to cellular structures? - ANSWER: necrosis: cell death related to
cell injury (associated with inflammation); the structures swell and rupture of cell membrane
What are causes of cell injury and death? - ANSWER: TIPS
Toxins (chemical)
Infections
Physical injury (mechanical, chemical, thermal)
Serum deficit injury (nutrition, hydration, oxygenation)
, What is cerebral atrophy and what are its etiologies? - ANSWER: reduction in cerebrum size; caused
by decreased physical and intellectual activities, deficit injury, mechanical injury
What is the pathophysiologic pathway that occurs in cerebral atrophy? - ANSWER: lack of brain
perfusion increases risk for deficit injuries --> neurotoxic injury --> destruction of neurons --> loss of
NT production --> atrophy in neurons because lack of stimulation
essentially, your brain isn't being stimulated to grow
What are the clinical manifestations of cerebral atrophy? - ANSWER: focal (localized to particular
region) or global (entire brain); characterized by cognitive impairment (damage to temporal and
frontal lobes), movement disorders (basal ganglia damage), etc.
How do you diagnose cerebral atrophy? - ANSWER: identifying signs and symptoms, often from other
observers first; PET, SPECT, CT, MRI scans
What is cardiac hypertrophy and what are its etiologies? - ANSWER: cardiac muscle disease resulting
from excessive workload and functional demand; no specifically known cause besides a genetic trait
What is the pathophysiologic pathway that occurs in cardiac hypertrophy? - ANSWER: increased
pressure in pulmonary or systemic circulation --> hypertrophy of ventricles --> lower contraction
efficiency and smaller chamber --> lower cardiac output
What are the clinical manifestations of cardiac hypertrophy? - ANSWER: shortness of breath, syncope
(fainting), angina
How do you diagnose cardiac hypertrophy? - ANSWER: genetic testing, EKG, echocardiogram, stress
test
What is acromegaly and what are its etiologies? - ANSWER: condition of hyperplasia (increase in cell
number) prompted by excessive growth hormone stimulation/hyperpituitarism and IGF
What is the pathophysiologic pathway that occurs in acromegaly? - ANSWER: (with failure of negative
feedback loop), somatostatin doesn't do its job (inhibitory effect on pituitary) --> hypothalamus
secretes only GHRH --> proliferation --> IGF stimulation --> excessive growth
*Hypothalamus usually releases GHRH (promoting growth hormone) and somatostatin (inhibiting
growth hormone)
What are the clinical manifestations of acromegaly? - ANSWER: soft tissue swelling, enlarged hands
and feet, altered facial features and reproductive functioning, deep voice, pain and numbness in
hands
How do you diagnose acromegaly? - ANSWER: elevated levels of IGF and growth hormone in blood
what cell type comprises the endocervix? ectocervix? what is the location where these two cell types
merge? - ANSWER: columnar epithelium; squamous epithelium; transformation zone
What is cervical metaplasia/dysplasia and what are its etiologies? - ANSWER: changing of cell
structure in the transformation zone of cervix; epithelial cells can be injured by infection, irritation,
trauma and are characterized by abnormal growth/disordered differentiation
What is the pathophysiologic pathway that occurs in cervical metaplasia/dysplasia? - ANSWER:
infection, irritation, trauma --> alterations in chromatin (genetic material of DNA) --> abnormal
differentiation
